Expert Conclusion on Snowden's Impact on Intelligence and Surveillance

These flashcards cover key points regarding the changes in surveillance practices, legal implications, and cultural shifts triggered by Snowden's disclosures.

What permanent changes did Snowden's disclosures introduce to agency practices regarding secrecy?

Agencies now require explicit proportionality and demonstrable necessity for justifying secrecy and exercising surveillance.

How did intelligence cultures shift after Snowden's revelations?

They moved from institutional confidence to defensive public justification.

What was the significant ruling from CJEU in Digital Rights Ireland (2014)?

It invalidated the EU Data Retention Directive, deeming bulk retention incompatible with Charter rights.

What main reforms were introduced in the Netherlands after Snowden?

Wiv (2017) expanded interception powers while adding new oversight bodies and data deletion rules.

What is the primary function of the USA FREEDOM Act (2015)?

It ended NSA bulk telephony metadata collection and required targeted querying.

What concept describes the current relationship between intelligence agencies and public trust?

Public trust is now considered an operational resource for intelligence agencies.

What consequence did the Investigatory Powers Act (IPA) 2016 have on UK surveillance practices?

It codified surveillance powers while ensuring they are legally authorized and scrutinized.

What were the specific outcomes of the operational environment post-Snowden?

Increased OSINT pressure, contested narratives, and a necessity for defensible public communication.

What did the increase in OSINT imply for intelligence agencies?

They must develop new verification, digital forensics, and counter-disinformation capabilities.

What are the expectations from democratic publics towards intelligence practices post-Snowden?

There is an expectation for procedural openness rather than automatic legitimacy.