Introduction to Global Health: Chapter 2

What are the key determinants of health?

-individual characteristics (genetic makeup, sex, age)

-social environment

-healthy behaviors

-working conditions

-healthy child development

-physical environment

-access to health services

-governance, policies, and interventions

What are some of the important uses of data on health status?

-to know from what health conditions people suffer

-the extent to which they cause people to be sick/disables/die

-carry our disease surveillance

-help understand burden of health conditions

-relative importance of them to different societies

What is life expectancy at birth?

average number of additional years a newborn baby can be expected to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person's life

What is infant mortality rate?

number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year

What is the neonatal mortality rate?

the number of deaths to infants younger than 28 days of age in a given year per 1,000 live births in that year

What is the under-5 mortality rate/child mortality rate?

probability that a newborn will die before reaching age five expressed as a number per 1,000 live births

What is the maternal mortality ratio?

the number of women who die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth complications per 100,000 live births in a given year

What is morbidity?

the sickness or any departure from a psychological or physiological state of well-being

What is mortality?

death

What is a death rate?

number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year

What is a disability?

temporary or long-term reduction in a person's capacity to function

What is prevalence?

number of people suffering from a certain health condition over a specific time period

What is point prevalence?

proportion of the population that is diseased at a single point in time

What is incidence rate?

how many people get a disease, for a specified number of people at risk, for a given period of time

What are communicable diseases? Examples?

infectious diseases; illnesses caused by a particular infectious agent that spread directly or indirectly from people to people, animals to people, or people to animals

influenza, measles, and HIV

What are noncommunicable diseases? Examples?

illnesses that are not spread by any infectious agent

diabetes, hypertention

What do "injuries" entail?

road traffic injuries, falls, drownings, poisonings, and violence, among other things

The quality of data on population and health depends in many ways on the extent to which countries maintain a system of __________ ____________.

vital registration

What does vital registration record?

births, deaths, and the causes pf death

What are some cultural barriers to timely vital registration?

waiting until a child is of a certain age before registering birth, accurate indications of causes of death in countries with weak health systems and limited physicians

What is HALE?

health adjusted life expectancy; number of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health taking account of mortality and disability

What is DALY?

disability adjusted life year; sum of years lost due to premature death (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs); also defined as years of healthy life lost

The burden of disease is predominantly _______ in all World Bank Regions, except in __________.

noncommunicable; sub-saharan Africa

Three leading causes of death leading causes of death in LMICs?

stroke, ischemic heart disease, COPD

Three leading causes of death in high-income countries?

stroke, ischemic heart disease, lung cancer

Leading individual causes of DALYs for people in LMICs?

lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, and ischemic heart disease

What is a risk factor?

an aspect of or personal behavior or lifestyle, an environmental exposure, or an inborn or inherited characteristic that, on the basis of epidemiological evidence, is known to be associated with health-related conditions considering important to prevent

What is the highest risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in high income countries?

tobacco

Overwhelming majority of population growth will occur in ________.

LMICs

What is the elderly support ratio?

ratio between the number of people between 15 and 64 and 65 and older

What is the demographic transition?

shift from a pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality, with population growth occurring in between

What is the burden of disease driven by?

-economic development

-scientific and technological change

-climate change

-political stability

-emerging and reemerging infectious diseases

-food security

What is a well-known case of a place that improved health status considerably, even at a relatively low level of income?

Kerala State in India

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

ischemic heart disease

What are some of the most important risk factors associated with death in LMICs?

-range of nutritional issues

-lack of safe water or appropriate sanitation

-indoor air polluition

-tobacco

What are CPIs?

corruption perception index