IB Biology HL Transport Flashcards

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts related to transport in animals, including tissue fluid, blood circulation, the mammalian heart, and the cardiac cycle.

Tissue Fluid

Watery fluid that fills the spaces between cells and tissues throughout the body, formed when plasma leaks out of capillaries.

Interstitial Fluid Formation

Occurs due to hydrostatic pressure gradients within blood vessels caused by the heart's pumping action.

Lymphatic System

Collects interstitial fluid not reabsorbed by capillaries, along with waste products and pathogens, transporting it as lymph.

Lymph Nodes

Specialized organs that filter lymph, containing immune cells to remove pathogens and harmful substances.

Single Circulation

Blood flows through the heart once per cycle, exemplified by fish with a two-chambered heart.

Double Circulation

Blood flows through the heart twice per cycle, exemplified by mammals with a four-chambered heart.

Pulmonary Circuit

The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via this circuit.

Systemic Circuit

The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to the tissues of the body via this circuit.

Alveoli

Tiny air sacs in the lungs surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs.

Mammalian Heart

A muscular double pump that maintains unidirectional, pressurized flow of blood to the lungs and body tissues.

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

Located in the upper right atrium; a mass of specialized tissue that receives signals from the brain and organizes rhythmic heart contractions.

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Located in the lower right atrium; triggered by atrial contraction to send a signal, with a slight delay, to cause ventricular contraction.

Cardiac Cycle

The series of events that occur during one complete heartbeat, including atrial systole, ventricular systole, and diastole.

Atrial Systole

Atria contract, pushing blood into ventricles through AV valves.

Ventricular Systole

Ventricles contract; AV valves close, SL valves open, forcing blood into the aorta.

Diastole

Heart relaxes; SL valves close, AV valves open, allowing passive ventricular filling.

Systolic Pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction.

Diastolic Pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation.

Pulse Rate

Heart rate, typically measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflecting the rhythmic expansion and recoil of arteries due to ventricular systole.