Study Guide for Chapter 4 of Gender: Ideas, Interactions, Institutions, 3rd edition

social identity

a culturally available and socially constructed category of peopl ein which we place ourselves or are played by others

stereotype

a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.

gender strategy

finding a way of doing gender that works for us as unique individuals who are also shaped by other parts of our identity and the material realities of our lives

intersectionality

a framework that examines how various social identities overlap and create systems of oppression

unmarked category

the default or standard category that is often taken for granted or not explicitly stated

marking

the act of applying a label to highlight an exception

privilege

unearned social and economic advantage based on our location in a social hierarchy

model minority

The myth says that Asian Americans have played within the rules of the American system to their own group benefit

model minority myth

A harmful stereotype that portrays Asian Americans as inherently successful, hardworking, and good at math and science, often contrasting them with other minority groups and ignoring the diverse experiences and struggles within the Asian American community.

race as a social construction

a socially meaningful set of distinctions based on superficial and imagined biological differences

racism

social arrangements designed to systemically advantage one race over others

myth of meritocracy

advancement in society is solely based on individual merit, ignoring the influence of gender, race, class, and other systemic inequalities that create barriers for certain groups, especially women.

heteronormative

designed on the assumption that everyone is heterosexual, with individuals presuming so unless there are culturally recognizable sign indicating otherwise.

heterosexism

individual and institutional bias against sexual minorities

sexual minorities

gays, lesbians, bisexuals, and others who identify as nonheterosexual.

compulsive heterosexuality

a rule that all men be attracted to women and all women to men

“gaydar”

the ability to detect sexual minorities

homonormativity

a practice of obeying every gender rule except the ones that say we must sexually desire and partner with someone of the other sex

xenophobia

the fear or dislike of anything that is perceived as being foreign or strange

ableism

individual and institutional biases that deny critical resources to differently abled bodies

ageism

an institutionalized preference for the young and the cultural association of aging with decreased social value

classism

a form of prejudice against people of lower socioeconomic status

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

prohibited Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States for 10 years and denied Chinese immigrants the right to become citizens

1965 Immigration Act

abolished the discriminatory national origins quota system and established a preference system based on skills and family ties

Bamboo Ceiling

describes the invisible barriers and challenges faced by Asian Americans in reaching leadership positions, despite their qualifications and achievements

Glass Ceiling

the idea that there is an invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations

Brain drain

the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.