MRDO & infectious diseases

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21 Terms

1
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characteristics of methicillin resistant staph aureus MRSA?

normal bacterial flora in humans, most common site of colonization is anterior nares, 30% of people are colonized with it but only 2% are infected by it; coated with fibrin wall that resists phagocytosis → MRSA direct result of abx overuse

2
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what types of abx is MRSA resistant to?

all beta-lactam abx → penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems

3
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what are the symptoms of s aureus infection (different from MRSA)?

minor skin infections including pimples, abscesses, styes, impetigo

4
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s/s of MRSA infection?

serious infections like PNA, skin and soft tissue infections, bloodstream infections → causes complications of contracting other infections with high mortality rates

5
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characteristics of vancomycin resistant enterococci VRE?

bacteria that normally live in GI tract and female genital tract (also found in soil, water, and food) → organism prefers aerobic environment but can change to anaerobic → can spread by contact with hands or from dirty equipment; very hard to control outbreaks

6
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what are the types of abx that VRE are resistant to?

beta-lactams and aminoglycosides

7
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what is the best way to control VRE outbreaks?

prevention

8
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s/s of VRE?

commonly cause UTIs, peritonitis, pelvis wound infections, bacteremia symptoms → UTIs: back pain, dysuria, sensation of needing to urinate, fever; wound infections: red, hot, purulent drainage; bacteremia: tachycardia, hypotension, fever

9
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what are some complications of VRE?

has a growing list of resistance to antimicrobial agents, prolonged hospital stays, higher mortality rate than other enterococci bacteremias, gene has transferred to s aureus isolates, most common cause of infective endocarditis

10
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characteristics of c diff?

spore-forming gram positive anaerobic bacillus, spores resistant to many diff types of disinfectants, heat, etc → primary source of spread is via hands of healthcare workers; symptom is mild-moderate diarrhea with a distinct odor

11
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what are some risk factors for getting c diff?

abx exposure, 65 and older, recent stay at hospital/nursing home, weakened immune system, previous hx of c diff

12
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what are some complications of a c diff infection?

incr length of hospital stay, incr costs, can lead to more severe complications (mortality is lower than MRSA or VRE)

13
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characteristics of acinetobacter baumannii?

resistant to more than 3 classes of abx, rarely occurs outside of the hospital with highest instances in ICU → risk factors: recent surgery, central venous catheter, tracheostomy ventilation, enteral feedings

14
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what is the most common way of acinetobacter baumannii transmission?

vascular catheter and respiratory tract; (also unclean hands of healthcare workers)

15
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s/s of acinetobacter baumannii?

can colonize many body sites but typically respiratory tract, blood, pleural fluid, peritoneum, urinary tract, surgical wounds, CNS, eyes, skin → most frequent infections found in ventilator-associated PNA and bloodstream infections

16
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characteristics of carbapenem resistance enterobacteriaceae CRE?

normally found in intestines but if spread outside of intestines can cause serious infections, high mortality rate (50%), spread via direct contact specifically with wounds or stool

17
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s/s of carbapenem resistant enterobacteriaceae CRE?

depend on location → commonly fever, chills and signs of sepsis

18
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complications of CRE?

infection is dangerous and difficult as it’s resistant to nearly all abx, incr risk for patients with indwelling devices

19
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medications to tx MRSA?

vancomycin → requires through level blood test & weekly BUN/creatinine test

20
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medications to tx VRE?

susceptibility testing recommended and may require multiple abx

21
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medications to tx c diff?

stop causative agent and use vanc as first drug of choice, also probiotics & fecal microbial transplant → in 20% of patients the infection will self resolve in 2-3 days