Evolution

Chp 9

evolution

change in characteristics (allele frequency) of a species over time

phenotypes

characteristics as a result of alleles (genotype)

genotypes

combination of alleles for a gene

population

group of organisms of same species in particular place and time

gene pool

sum of alleles of a population

mutation

change in DNA leading to new characteristics in an organism

mutant

an organism with a characteristic resulting from a mutation

gene mutation

changes in a single gene, traits produced by gene changed/destroyed

chromosomal mutation

all or part of chromosome affected

induced mutations

mutation caused by a mutagen

spontaneous mutations

mutation caused by error in biological process (mitosis/meiosis)

mutagen

environmental agent that increases the rate of mutations

mutagen examples

mustard gas, UV light, X-rays, gamma rays

albinism

one missing protein, resulting in the absence of pigment

somatic mutations

mutation in body cells, not passed on, involved in cancerous growths of mutagen

germline mutation

occurs in gametes, passed onto offspring

missense mutation

change in amino acid, and therefore the protein produced

nonsense mutation

change base sequence to stop codon, interrupts protein synthesis, protein unable to fulfill function

neutral mutation

change in amino acid to the same type, so does not affect protein

silent mutation

no change in amino acid, so does not affect on protein

point mutations

change in a single nucleotide. types: inserted, substituted, deleted