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Great comprehensive review of key vocabulary from Unit 6 of AP World History: Modern!
Social Darwinism
A belief that applied the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human societies, suggesting that certain races and classes were superior and justified imperialism and inequality
Nationalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation, often leading to the desire for national independence or dominance
“Civilizing Mission”
The idea that European powers had a duty to bring civilization and cultural progress to non-Western societies through Colonization and imperialism
Dutch East India Company
A trading company established in 1602 to control trade between the Netherlands and Asia, significantly impacting colonialism and global commerce
Non-state Entities
Organizations or groups that operate independently of state control, often influencing political, social, or economic conditions
Zulu Kingdom
A powerful African kingdom located in present-day South Africa, known for its military organization and resistance against the British, especially during the Anglo-Zulu Wars; however, despite their efforts, their territory later was annexed for Great Britain’s South Africa colony
Mahdist Wars
A series of conflicts in the late 19th century in Sudan, where followers of Muhammad Ahmad, claiming to be the Mahdi, revolted against British-Egyptian rule, leading to significant battles and the establishment of a short-lived Mahdist state
Sokoto Caliphate
An Islamic state in West Africa that emerged in the early 19th century, known for its educational reforms, trade, and the promotion of Islamic law
Tupac Amaru II’s Rebellion
A major uprising in the late 18th century in Peru led by Tupac Amaru II against Spanish colonial rule, aimed at restoring indigenous rights and autonomy, which ultimately resulted in a brutal crackdown by the Spanish authorities
Opium Wars
Two conflicts in the mid-19th century between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, over trade imbalances and the opium trade, resulting in significant territorial and economic concessions for the West
Commodities
Raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold, such as gold, ivory, oil, or coffee
Economic Imperialism
A form of imperialism (defined as a policy or practice whereby a country extends its influence over other nations or territories) where a country exerts control over another's economy through investments, trade, and the influence of businesses, often leading to exploitation of resources and local populations
Internal Migration
The movement of people within a region or country from one place to another
External Migration
The movement of people to other regions or countries from a place of origin
Capitalism
An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, where goods and services are produced for profit in a competitive market
Coerced Labor
A system of labor where individuals are forced to work against their will, often under threats or punishment; this practice was prevalent in various forms, such as slavery and indentured servitude, particularly during the colonial period
Semicoerced Labor
Labor that is not fully voluntary but involves some degree of choice, often seen in systems like indentured servitude
Indentured Servitude
A labor system where individuals work for a specified number of years in exchange for passage to a new country, room, and board
Convict Labor
A system where prisoners are forced to work, often under harsh conditions, to benefit the state or private enterprises
Chinese Exclusion Act
A federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882, prohibiting all immigration of Chinese laborers into the United States for 10 years. The law made exceptions for merchants, teachers, students, travelers, and diplomats
White Australian Policy
A set of historical policies that aimed to restrict non-European immigration to Australia and promote the settlement of white Europeans, particularly British, from the early 20th century until the mid-20th century, leading to significant social and racial discrimination
Ethnic Enclaves
Geographical areas where a particular ethnic group is concentrated, often characterized by a high level of cultural and social interaction among members of that group, while maintaining distinct cultural customs and languages
Racial Prejudice
A preconceived opinion or bias against individuals based on their race or ethnicity; often leading to discrimination and social inequality
Industrial Capitalism
An economic system characterized by the use of machinery and technology in production processes, leading to mass production of goods and a focus on capitalist profit-maximization through industrial enterprises
Transoceanic
Relating to or involving crossing or spanning an ocean
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