Development is a self-organizing process emerging from interactions between a biological being and their environment.
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What are two aspects of early brain development?
Specific brain areas mature and communicate with each other through synaptic connections.
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What is synaptic pruning?
The brain organizes itself by preserving necessary connections while eliminating others.
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What did Robert Fantz discover about infant vision?
Infants have poor distant vision at birth, improving rapidly over the first 6 months.
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What is socioemotional development?
The process by which children learn to identify, understand, express, and manage emotions.
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What is temperament?
The characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity of an infant.
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What is attachment?
The strong, persistent bond between infants and caregivers.
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What is imprinting?
A process where young animals become attached to the first moving object they see, typically their caregiver.
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What was Harry Harlow's contribution to attachment theory?
His studies demonstrated that physical contact is crucial for attachment, not just nourishment.
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What is separation anxiety?
An infant’s fear of being separated from their caregiver.
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What does secure attachment look like in a child?
Children show happiness upon reunion with their caregiver after a period of separation.
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What are the types of insecure attachment?
Insecure avoidant, insecure anxious/ambivalent, and disorganized attachment.
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What is an inhibited temperament?
A temperament characterized by caution and avoidance of new people or situations.
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What is the zone of proximal development?
The range of tasks that a child can perform with guidance but not yet independently.
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What is moral reasoning like at the preconventional level according to Kohlberg?
It is determined by the consequences of actions for the individual.
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What is the difference between fluid and crystallized intelligence?
Fluid intelligence decreases with age and involves processing new information, while crystallized intelligence increases and is based on learned knowledge.
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What is dementia?
A condition causing progressive deterioration of thinking, memory, and behavior.
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What is socioemotional selectivity theory?
Younger adults focus on future-oriented information, while older adults prioritize emotionally satisfying information.
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What is joint attention?
When infants and caregivers focus on the same object, promoting language development.
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What are overextensions in language development?
Using a known word to refer to things not specifically labeled.
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What is telegraphic speech?
Rudimentary sentences missing words but following a syntax that conveys meaning.
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What did Chomsky propose about universal grammar?
All languages are based on an innate knowledge of universal linguistic elements.
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What is a critical period for language development?
A time frame before age 7 where exposure to language is crucial for proper language acquisition.
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What is the phonics approach to reading?
Teaching sounds before words, which evidence suggests is more effective than learning words as whole units.
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What did Skinner believe about language acquisition?
Language is learned through reinforcement and does not account for creativity or overgeneralization.
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