Chat GBT Micro Exam

Who is considered the "father of Western medicine"?

Hippocrates

What type of microscope uses electrons instead of light?

Electron microscope

Which structure is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

Nucleus

Which group includes photosynthetic bacteria?

Cyanobacteria

Which microorganism is a fungus?

Candida albicans

What is the protein coat surrounding a virus called?

Capsid

Which macromolecule is the primary source of energy for most cells?

Carbohydrates

Which process produces the most ATP?

Aerobic respiration

Which phase of bacterial growth is characterized by exponential increase?

Log phase

What enzyme is responsible for synthesizing RNA from DNA

RNA polymerase

Which of the following is considered acellular?

Virus

Which stain is used to differentiate bacterial cell walls?

Gram stain

Which scientist contributed to the development of modern cell theory?

Rudolf Virchow

Archaea are most closely related to which domain?

Eukarya

Which of the following is a parasitic helminth?

Schistosoma

What are prions composed of?

Proteins

Which of the following is a function of lipids in microbes?

Forming the cell membrane

What is a byproduct of microbial fermentation?

Lactic acid

What term describes microbes that grow best at moderate temperatures?

Mesophiles

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

tRNA

What enzyme unwinds the DNA helix during replication?

Helicase

Which mutation does not change the amino acid sequence?

Silent mutation

Which technique is used to amplify DNA?

PCR

Which vector is commonly used in gene therapy?

Adenovirus

Which method is the most effective for sterilizing heat-sensitive materials?

Filtration

Which chemical is used for sterilizing surgical instruments?

Glutaraldehyde

Which antibiotic inhibits protein synthesis?

Tetracycline

Which mechanism is a common cause of antibiotic resistance?

Efflux pumps

What is the function of the lac operon?

To enable the digestion of lactose

Which process involves transfer of DNA via a bacteriophage?

Transduction

Which enzyme adds RNA primers during DNA replication?

Primase

Which method is used to separate DNA fragments by size?

Gel electrophoresis

What enzyme joins DNA fragments together?

DNA ligase

What feature of plasmids makes them useful in genetic engineering?

They replicate independently

Which method kills microbes using heat and pressure?

Autoclaving

What term describes an agent that reduces microbial load on living tissue?

Antiseptic

Which parameter measures effectiveness of microbial control?

D-value

Which drug is used to treat fungal infections?

Amphotericin B

What does "selective toxicity" mean?

Drug harms microbe but not host

Which structure often carries resistance genes?

Plasmid

Which drug treats viral infections?

Acyclovir

What is the result of a frameshift mutation?

Completely altered protein sequence

Which structure is required for bacterial conjugation?

Pilus

Which method sequences entire microbial genomes?

Next-generation sequencing

What tool allows for gene editing?

CRISPR-Cas9

Which halogen is widely used as a disinfectant?

Chlorine

What type of radiation sterilizes medical equipment?

Gamma rays

Which antibiotic inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis?

Penicillin

Which class of antibiotics targets DNA gyrase?

Quinolones

What does "broad-spectrum antibiotic" mean?

Works on many microbes

Which technique detects specific proteins?

Western blot

What is the start codon for translation?

AUG

In which direction is DNA synthesized?

 5’ to 3’

What does a DNA probe do?

Detect complementary DNA

What is the goal of pasteurization?

 Reduce microbial numbers in food

Which method best destroys endospores?

Autoclaving

Which drug inhibits folic acid synthesis?

Sulfonamides

What is the Kirby-Bauer test used for?

Testing antibiotic sensitivity

What does ELISA detect?

Antigen or antibody

What do efflux pumps do?

Expel antibiotics from cells