Module #1 Quiz (RADR 1411)

What is the lowest level of human structural organization?

Atom

What is the highest level of human structural organization?

Organism

What is the 2nd level of human structural organization?

Molecules

What is the 3rd level of human structural organization?

Cell

What is the 4th level of human structural organization?

Tissue

What is the 5th level of human structural organization?

Organ

What is the 7th level of human structural organization?

Organism

What is the 7th level of human structural organization?

Organism

How many bones are there in the human body?

206 bones

How many axial bones are there?

80 bones

How many appendicular bones are there?

126 bones

What is the study of bones?

Osteology

What is the study of joints?

Arthrology

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

1. Store Calcium

2. Produce blood cells

3. Allow movement w/ muscles

4. Protect and support soft tissues of the body

What bones are in the axial skeleton?

Skull, hyoid, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, auditory ossicles

What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

Upper extremities and Lower (Shoulder and pelvic girdles)

What are sesamoid bones?

Small, oval shaped bones (think seed)

Are sesamoid bones part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

No, except the patellae

What is the largest sesamoid?

Patellae

Where are sesamoids connected at?

Connected in tendons

Classification of bones:

1. Long Bones

2. Short Bones

3. Irregular Bones

4. Flat Bones

What type of bone produces RED BONE MARROW?

Long bones, in the spongy area

What bones are considered short bones?

Carpals and Tarsals

What bones are considered flat bones?

Ribs, Skull, Sternum, Scapula

What bones are considered irregular bones?

Vertebrae column, Pelvis, Facial bones

Where do bones articulate?

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Ossification

Bone formation

Name a type of bone formation:

Intramembranous

Define Intramembranous Ossification

A type of bone formation where the membrane is replaced by the bone

Define Endochondral Ossification:

A type of bone formation where cartilage is replaced by the bone

What is one of the Functional Joint Classification?

Synarthrosis

What is one of the Functional Joint Classification?

Amphiarthrosis

What is one of the Functional Joint Classification?

Diarthrosis

Describe Synarthrosis

Immovable joint

Describe Amphiarthrosis

Joint with limited movement

Describe Diarthrosis

Freely moveable joint

Name one Structural Joint Classification:

Fibrous

Name one Structural Joint Classification

Cartilaginous

Name one Structural Joint Classification

Synovial

Fibrous Joints

Lack a joint cavity. Bones held together by CT

Cartilaginous Joints

Lack a joint cavity. Bones are held together by cartilage.

Synovial Joints

Freely Moveable joints. Fibrous capsule surrounds cavity; contains synovial fluid.

What are the 3 types of Fibrous Joints

1. Syndesmosis (Amphiarthrosis)

2. Gomphosis (Amphiarthrosis)

3. Suture (Synarthrosis)

What are the types of Cartilaginous Joints

1. Synchondrosis (Synarthrosis)

2. Symphysis (Amphiarthrosis)

Synovial Joint is what time of functional classification of the joints?

Diarthrosis because it is freely moveable

Movement Types of Synovial Joints:

1. Plane (Gliding)

2. Ginglymus (hinge)

3. Pivot (Trochoid)

4. Ellipsoid (Condylar)

5. Saddle (Sellar)

6. Ball and Socket (Spheroidal)

7. Bicondylar

Plane (Gliding)

Limited Movement

Primarily Sliding or Gliding (up, down, left, right)

Ginglymus (Hinge)

Permits flexion and extension

Pivot (Trochoid)

Permits Rotation

Ellipsoid (Condylar) (think e = egg)

Allows 4 directional movements:

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

Saddle (Sellar) (think lego hands)

Allows 4 directional movements:

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

Doesn’t Connect/Touch

Ball and Socket

Greatest freedom of movement; occurs around multiple axes

Bicondylar

Provides movement in a single axis (flexion and extension)

Body Habitus

The build and general shape of the human body.

What are the four Body Habitus

1. Asthenic

2. Sthenic

3. Hyposthenic

4. Hypersthenic

Sthenic

Average shape and internal organ location

Asthenic

Thinner and Slender than hyposthenic patient

Hyposthenic

Slenderer than sthenic

Hypersthenic

Broader frame than sthenic frame

Bariatric Patient

Obesity

How should the Image Receptor (IR) be placed on a hyposthenic/asthenic patient?

Portrait (lengthwise) alignment because lungs are longer

How should the Image Receptor (IR) be placed on a hypersthenic patient?

Landscape (crosswise) because lungs are shorter and broader

Radiography

Process and procedure to produce a radiograph

Radiograph

Image of patient anatomy by x-rays on an image receptor

What is the Radiographic Procedure?

1. Positioning w/ IR and CR

2. Apply Protection

3. Select exposure factors (technique)

4. Instruct patient breathing

5. Processing the image

Sagittal Plane (midsagittal)

Divides body into Left and Right

Coronal plane

Divides body into Anterior and Posterior

Oblique Plane

Slanted

Horizontal Plane (axial)

Divides body into Superior and Inferior

Planes of the Skull are?

1. Base Plane (Frankfort Horizontal Plane)

2. Occlusal Plane

Base Plane (Frankfort Horizontal Plane)

Used in orthodontics and cranial topography

Occlusal Plane

Between closed jaw

Radiographic Projections

Direction or path of the CR (Central Ray) o the X-ray beam as it passes through the patient projecting an image onto the IR

Radiographic View

Describes the body part as seen by the image

Radiographic Position

Refers to a general or specific body position

Posteroanterior (PA) Projection

Refers to projection of the CR from posterior to anterior. (The CR enters at the posterior surface and exits at the anterior surface)

Anteroposterior (AP) Projection

Projection of the CR from anterior to posterior

True AP/PA

Projection is TRUE if there is no intentional rotation.

AP Oblique Projection

Slightly rotated, beam enters anterior and exits posterior (NOT A TRUE AP SO MUST INCLUDE QUALIFYING TERM WHICH WAY IS ROTATED ex: lateral or medial)

PA Oblique projection

Slightly rotated, beam enters posterior and exits anterior (NOT A TRUE PA SO MUST INCLUDE QUALIFYING TERM WHICH WAY IS ROTATED ex: lateral or medial)

Mediolateral Projection

CR enters medial and exits lateral

Lateromedial Projection

CR enters lateral side and exits medial side