APHG Exam Vocab

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334 Terms

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Market

A place or system where buyers and sellers interact to exchange goods and services.

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State

A politically organized body of people occupying a defined territory.

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Culture

The ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society.

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Migration

The movement of people from one place to another with intentions of settling temporarily or permanently.

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Birth rates

The number of live births per thousand of the population per year.

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Death rates

The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.

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Fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime.

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Census data

Data collected through a systematic survey of a population.

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Centripetal force

An element that unifies people within a state.

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European Union

A political and economic union of member states located primarily in Europe.

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Industrialization

The development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

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Periphery

Regions that are less developed compared to the core economies and dependent on them.

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Demographic transition model

A model that describes the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops.

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Indigenous

People or things originating or occurring naturally in a particular place.

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Malthusian theory

The theory that population growth will outpace resource growth leading to famine and conflict.

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Core

The center of economic, political, and cultural power in a given region.

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Nation-State

A political unit characterized by a defined territory and a permanent population governed by a sovereign authority.

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Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

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Map Projection

A method by which the three-dimensional surface of the Earth is portrayed on a two-dimensional surface.

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Territoriality

The emotional attachment and defense of a territory.

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Centrifugal force

An element that divides people within a state.

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Commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily for sale and profit.

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Cultural Landscape

The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.

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Domestication

The process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use.

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Primate city

The largest city in a country, which is disproportionately larger than other cities.

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Contagious Diffusion

The spread of a cultural element from one individual to another through direct contact.

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Federal State

A political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing states or regions under a central government.

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Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from the countryside to the city.

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Squatter settlement

An informal, usually illegal, settlement that develops on land that is not owned by the residents.

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Sustainability

The ability to maintain certain processes or states indefinitely.

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Urbanization

The increasing migration of people from rural to urban areas.

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Commodity chain

The process of producing, processing, and distributing goods.

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Ethnicity

Shared cultural practices, perspectives, and distinctions that set apart one group of people from another.

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Green revolution

A period marked by significant advancements in agricultural practices and technology.

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Megacities

Cities with a population of over 10 million people.

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Population pyramid

A graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population.

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Rate of natural increase

The difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths during a specific period.

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Relocation Diffusion

The spread of a cultural trait via the migration of people.

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Subsistence agriculture

Farming that provides enough food for the farmer and their family but not for sale.

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Demographic

Related to the structure of populations.

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Gross national income per capita

The total income earned by a nation's residents, divided by its population.

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Life expectancy

The average period that a person may expect to live.

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Mechanized farming

Agriculture that is characterized by the use of machinery.

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Mortality rate

The rate of death in a specified population.

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Autonomous region

A region with a degree of autonomy or self-governance.

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Devolution

The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to state and local governments.

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Hierarchical Diffusion

The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority to other persons or places.

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Industrial revolution

A period of widespread industrialization that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

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Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society.

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Language Family

A group of languages that have a common origin.

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Second Agricultural revolution

A period of agricultural development between the 18th century and early 20th century.

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Ecotourism

Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment.

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Gentrification

The process of renovating and improving a house or district so that it conforms to middle-class taste.

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Growth pole

An urban center that attracts a significant number of businesses and people.

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Human development index

A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indicators.

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Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself.

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United Nations

An intergovernmental organization aimed at fostering international cooperation.

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Von Thünen’s model

A model that explains agricultural land use in concentric circles around a market center.

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Gender inequality index

An index for measurement of gender disparity in a country.

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Irrigation

The artificial application of water to land for agricultural purposes.

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Linguistic

Relating to language or linguistics.

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Market gardening

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers for sale at local markets.

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Ranching

The practice of raising livestock on large tracts of land.

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Colonialism

The policy of acquiring full or partial political control over another country.

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Edge city

A significant urban center situated at the outer fringes of metropolitan areas.

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Ethnic religion

A religion identified with a particular ethnic group.

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Exclusive Economic Zone

A sea zone prescribed by the United Nations that extends 200 nautical miles from the baseline.

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Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births.

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Site

The physical characteristics of a location.

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Stimulus Diffusion

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

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Territorial Sea

The waters adjacent to a state's coastline, where the state has sovereignty.

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World city

A city that has significant influence on global affairs.

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Antinatalist

A viewpoint that assigns a negative value to birth.

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Cultural Hearth

A location where a significant culture or civilization began and developed.

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Globalization

The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence.

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Guest worker

A foreign laborer who is allowed to work temporarily in a country.

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Independence Movement

A movement aimed at achieving independence for a particular region or people.

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Outsourcing

Obtaining goods or services from an outside supplier.

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Plantation agriculture

A form of commercial farming that specializes in the production of one or two crops.

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Primary

The first sector of the economy involving the extraction of natural resources.

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Pull factors

Factors that attract people to move to a new location.

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Semi-periphery

The economic zone in between the core and periphery.

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Supranationalism

The idea of transcending national boundaries or interests.

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Tariff

A tax imposed on imported goods.

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Acculturation

The process of cultural change and adaptation that occurs when a primary culture comes into contact with another culture.

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Assimilation

The process by which individuals or groups adopt the culture of another group.

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Nation

A large group of people with common cultural characteristics.

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Physical Features (map)

Natural landscape features such as mountains, rivers, and lakes portrayed on a map.

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Refugees

People who are forced to flee their home country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.

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Tertiary

The third sector of the economy focused on services rather than goods.

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Unitary State

A state governed as a single entity.

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Antecedent Boundary

A boundary that was created before the present-day cultural landscape developed.

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Clustered settlement pattern

A pattern of settlement in which homes are built closely together.

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Comparative advantage

The ability of an entity to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than others.

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Dependency ratio

The ratio of dependents (people younger than 15 or older than 64) to the working-age population.

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Dispersed settlement pattern

A pattern of settlement in which homes are spread out over a wide area.

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Empowerment measures

Strategies designed to facilitate the participation of marginalized groups in decision-making.

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Environmental Determinism

The theory that the physical environment predisposes human social development.

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Epidemiological model

A model used to understand the distribution and determinants of health and disease conditions.

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Extensive agriculture

Agricultural practices characterized by low inputs of labor per unit of land.