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Genetics
The study of heredity.
Genes
Chunks of DNA that carry genetic information.
Alleles
Different forms of the same gene.
Chromosomes
Structures that contain two copies of each gene, organized in pairs (23 pairs total).
Evolution
Change in allele frequency in a population over time.
Mutation
A change in the DNA sequence.
Advantageous Mutation
Mutations that code for new traits that increase fitness.
Deleterious Mutation
Mutations that code for new traits that reduce fitness.
Neutral Mutation
Mutations that neither change nor affect fitness.
Gene Flow
The introduction of new individuals with different allele frequencies to a population.
Genetic Drift
Random changes in allele frequencies due to chance events.
Bottleneck Effect
An event that results in a drastic reduction of a population size.
Natural Selection
The process by which some traits help survival and increase in frequency.
Evolutionary Adaptation
Increase in frequency of traits within a population that suit it to its environment.
Species
A group of individuals that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
Speciation
The process by which one species splits into two species.
Allopatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs due to physical barriers separating populations.
Sympatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs in the same area but different habitats.
Gametic Isolation
A reproductive barrier where species' gametes cannot fuse.
Mechanical Isolation
A reproductive barrier where species' genital openings cannot align.
Transitional Forms
Fossils that link the past and present species.
Biogeography
The study of the geographic distribution of species.
Comparative Anatomy
The comparison of body structures between different species.
Vestigial Structures
Leftover structures from ancestors that are no longer functional.
Comparative Embryology
The study of similarities in early developmental stages among different species.