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what is the chemical formula for water?
H20
what do covalent bonds do?
they connect things within molcules; in water, they hold oxygen + hydrogen together
oxygen is ____, but hydrogen is ____
negative; positive
positive hydrogen + negative oxygen
holds H20 molecules together
weak bonds
hydrogen bonds
what is the difference between hydrogen and covalent bonds?
covalent: hold the elements within a water molecule together
hydrogen: holds multiple water molecules together.
what are weak bonds?
they can break and reform easily
what is the most important property of water?
water is polar; it can stick to other things
what does water’s polarity allow it to do? (dissolving stuff)
it makes it the universal solvent
why is (solid) ice less dense than (liquid) water (hint: think about it like when they are less compact they are less dense)
water molecules spread out due to hydrogen bonds as water freezes
specific heat capacity (water has a HIGH shc)
amount of heat needed to change the temp of something
how do oceans help regulate climate in coastal areas?
water absorbs the heat during the day + keeps land cooler. then @ night it releases heat + warms the land, keeping the earth’s temp more moderate.
what is cohesion? (water on water)
water molecules stick to themselves
what is adhesion? (water on something else)
water molecules stick to other substances
equation for density?
D=M/V
what is density measured in?
g/mL OR g/cm³
what is salinity
saltiness of a body of water
percent of saltwater and freshwater on earth?
97% salt; 3% fresh
what is the most abundant salt
NaCl (sodium chloride or table salt)
what is used to measure salinity?
ppt (parts per thousand)
what is the average salinity?
35 ppt
osmoregulation (because some animals need to regulate salt intake so they don’t die)
process of maintaining salt + water balance within body
halo =
salinity
cline =
change
what is the halocline
where the salinity rapidly changes
why are SURFACE WATERS saltier
because of evaporation
thermo =
temperature
what is the thermocline?
area of rapid change in temperature
what is the temp of the deep ocean?
~ 4 degrees C
how dense is pure H20?
1.0 g/mL
pycno =
dense
density INCREASES with depth, so it’s lowest @ the surface
yes
what is the pycnocline?
area where density changes rapidly with depth
lower temp=
higher density
higher salinity=
higher density
pressure ___ with depth (think about the scuba divers)
increases
what is the pressure @ sea level (in atmospheres)
1.0 atm
what are the most important nutrients?
phosphates + nitrates
why are phosphates and nitrates called “limited nutrients”?
because photosynthesis could not occur without them
phosphates come from —>
land rocks
nitrates come from —>
nitrification from bacteria
why are nitrates LOWER at the surface? (and also nutrients are HIGHER in the deep ocean bc no photosynthesis)
they are used up by photosythesizing animals
what is the lowest the oxygen will ever be? (oxygen minimum layer)
~ 1000 m @ the oxygen zone
