New Bio cancer

Chromosome

A threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.

Asexual Reproduction

Process by which a single parent reproduces by itself, offspring are EXACTLY the same as parent

Mutation

A change/error in a segment of DNA (nucleotides copied incorrectly)

Cell division

cell divides into two daughter cells (in mitosis, they are genetically identical cells)

What are Chromosomes made up of?

Chromatin

Cell Cycle checkpoints

A stopping point where the cell is checked to be working correctly to ensure the cell is healthy- if it fails, should be repaired or removed to prevent cancer

Sexual reproduction

Genetic information comes from two parents, produces unique offspring

Semi-conservative

each new strand contains 1 old "parent" strand and 1 new "daughter" strand

Self Renewal

Stem cells producing more stem cells through division

Differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function (often stem cells)

During cell differentiation do cells produce new cells?

The cells are individually changed and then they can produce new cells

What happens when a gene is downregulated?

That gene is not expressed "turned off"

What happens when a cell is upregulated?

That gene is expressed "turned on"

DNA replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself for cell division

Mitosis

part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides. One cell divides to create two new daughter cells

Interphase

Longest phase of the cell cycle, cell grows, performs normal functions and prepares for division (G1, S, G2)

Prophase

1st stage Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelope dissolves, spindle forms

Metaphase

2nd stage Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Anaphase

third stage of mitosis in which sister chromatids are pulled apart and move the chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

Telophase

Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell"

Cytokinesis

Happens during telophase, division of the cytoplasm into the two new daughter cells after mitosis

Chromtatin

Uncoiled threadlike structure made of DNA

DNA polymerase

Reads parent DNA strand, synthesizes new complimentary DNA

Ligase

Joins the Okazaki Fragments together with DNA nucleotides

Helicase

unzips the DNA double helix to start replication

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death as a result of an error and failing a checkpoint

What happens in G1

Cell growth and increase organelles

What happens during S phase

DNA synthesis - DNA replication

What happens in G2?

Cell prepares for Cell division

Phases of Mitosis in order

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase