Glycogen, Glucagon/Insulin, & Diabetes

_____ are large structures consisting of glucose monomers that branch around a protein called _____

Glycogen granules; glycogenin

_____ is a structural protein to which glucose molecules are attached to create glycogen

Glycogenin

_____ bonds are those between carbohydrate monomers in glycogen

Glycosidic bonds

_____ bonds are those that link together glucose molecules IN SERIES

alpha 1-4

_____ bonds are those that link together glucose molecules IN PARALLEL

alpha 1-6

alpha 1-4 bonds are made by _____ and _____

Glycogenin; glycogen synthase

alpha 1-6 bonds are made by _____

Branching enzymes

_____is the enzyme responsible for sequential removal of Glu-1P from the non-reducing end in glycogenolysis

Glycogen phosphorylase

_____ is the enzyme responsible for dismantling of branches in glycogenolysis

Debranching enzyme

The _____ is the glucostat

Liver

The liver, but not most other tissues, has the enzyme _____

Glucose-6 phosphataseT

The _____ allows muscles to have fresh glucose via the liver’s actions because:
- Muscles dump lactate into the bloodstream to restore NAD+ and perform more glycolysis
- The liver uses the lactate and makes it into fresh glucose

Cori Cycle

In the Cori Cycle, muscles release _____ into the bloodstream , while the liver uses it to make fresh glucose

Lactate

The liver will make _____ into glycogen, fat, etc. whenever glucose levels are high

Glucose

The liver will make _____ and _____ when glucose is scarce

Glucose; ketone bodies

_____ cells in the pancreas produce glucagon

Alpha

_____ is a peptide hormone whose primary purpose is to get glucose into the bloodstream

Glucagon

_____ cells are pancreatic cells that produce insulin in response to high blood sugar

Beta

_____ is a peptide hormone whose primary purpose is to get glucose out of the bloodstream and into cells

Insulin

Does insulin downregulate/upregulate glycolysis?

Upregulate, via upregulation of F26BP

Does glucagon downregulate/upregulate glycolysis?

Downregulate, via downregulation of F26BP

Does insulin downregulate/upregulate GNG?

Downregulate, via upregulation of F26BP

Does glucagon downregulate/upregulate GNG?

Upregulate, via downregulation of F26BP

Does insulin downregulate/upregulate glycogen synthesis/glycogenesis

Upregulate, via phosphorylation cascades

Does glucagon downregulate/upregulate glycogen synthesis/glycogenesis

Downregulate, via phosphorylation cascades

Does Insulin downregulate/upregulate glycogenolysis

Downregulate, via phosphorylation cascades

Does glucagon downregulate/upregulate glycogenolysis

Upregulate, via phosphorylation cascades

_____ is a class of metabolic diseases that result from the inability to get glucose into cells

Diabetes Mellitus

Type _____ diabetes is an autoimmune disorder that targets the beta cells of the pancreas, resulting in zero insulin production by age 15

I

Type _____ diabetes is a disorder where one’s tissues become intrinsically resistant to glucose stimulus, resulting in virtually no insulin response, even at (relatively) high concentrations of insulin

II

Type II diabetes is also known as

NIDDM (non-insulin dependent, diabetes mellitus)

Symptoms caused by lack of insulin

High blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
Weight Loss

Glucagon lowers/raises blood sugar by triggering the liver to release stored glucose

Raises

In diabetes, glucagon levels may be too low/high, especially when insulin is lacking. This worsens high blood sugar levels by adding even more glucose into the blood.

High

Diabetes = False _____ due to inability to bring glucose into cells

Starvation

In diabetes, since there is an inability to bring glucose into cells, cells then try to _____. This causes the _____ to go into overdrive making Ketone Bodies.

use other sources for energy; Liver

Liver specific hexokinase is called

Glucokinase

One remedy for type I and II diabetes is an allosteric activator of _____

Glucokinase

What does glucokinase do

Converts glucose → glucose 6 phosphate

Glucokinase acts like a _____ sensor; active only when glucose levels are high

glucose

How does allosteric activator of glucokinase lower blood pressure?

Reduces blood glucose