Pharmacy Science

German Emperor Frederick II

First person to separate medical profession from pharmaceutical

16th century swiss physician Paracelsus

Stressed the need for treatment that would be specific for a particular disease and advocated that alchemists should prepare medicine and not gold or silver

In the 1600s-1700s, what was the educational process for pharmacists

Apprenticeships

Pass rigid examinations

Edward Jenner

Made the small pox vaccines

Paul Ehrich

Started chemical treatment of disease

Robert Koch

Started the understanding of infectious diseases

First United States Pharmacopoeia was in what year? Who wrote it?

Not pharmacists

What was the first pharmacy school to open and when did it open

The Philadelphia College of Apothecaries;

1821

Who was the first to have state regulation of pharmacy? When?

Territory of Orleans (Louisiana);

1808

In what year was the pharmacy school conformed to have a certain criteria to be achieved while in school to graduate

1932

Pharmacy practice in 1950s was about what?

Safety of the drug product

Very drug centered model

At the _ pharmacists to see themselves as practitioners of a clinical profession

1985 Hilton Head Conference

Pharmaceutical Care in 1990-1995

professional relationship must be established and maintained

Present Model

Apothecary

Latin term for pharmacist, also used as a general term to refer to the early practice of pharmacy

Compounding

producing, mixing, or preparing a drug by combining two or more ingredients

Pharmacy

the art and science of preparing and dispensing medication

The Age of Antiquity

time of ancient human and the great ancient empires. 5000 BCE (BC) up through CE (AD) 499

Ancient Humans

Studied birds and animals - to use water, leaves dirt, mud, etc for first soothing remedies. Learned by trial and error

Ancient Mesopotamia

Babylon, cradle of civilization, earliest known record of apothecary practice

Healers

Priest, pharmacists, and physicians all in one (around 2600 BCE)

Pen T-Sao

native herbal recording of 365 drugs, written by Emperor Shen Nung

Shen Nung

Father of chinese medicine who tasted herbs to determine their toxic effects and died of an overdose. Write Pen T-Sao

Echelons

Gathers and preparers of drugs, similar to the modern-day pharmacy technician

Chiefs of Fabrication

Head pharmacist

Papyrus Ebers

ancient and important pharmaceutical record in ancient Egypt, a collection of 800 prescriptions mentioning 700 drugs. written in 1500 BCE

Charaka Samhita

recorded approximately 2,000 drugs, is the most important pharmaceutical record for ancient India, means compendium of wandering physicians

Terra Sigilata

first therapeutic agent to bear a trademark meaning "sealed earth", small clay tablet about the size of a aspirin

Theophrastus

One of the greatest early Greek philosophers and natural scientist. Known as the father of botany

Hippocrates

"Founder of Medicine" Greek scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. Developed the theory of humors, wrote Corpus Hippocraticum

Corpus Hippocraticum

written by hippocrates, this text was among the first to reject the idea that illnesses were mystical or caused by demonic forces and proposed a more scientific view of medicine

Humors

Four body fluids - blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile - that, according to an ancient theory related to a mood or personality characteristic

Hippocratic Oath

An promise made new physicians to treat all people fairly, and to seek to preserve life. Named after a ancient Greek physician who is credited with writing it.

Mithridates VI

Known for developing and using himself and prisoners to test poisons and antidotes

De Materia Medica

encyclopedia of remedies from plants or roots, thought to be the first book to organize meds for what they do. Written by Pedanios Dioscorides

Galen

Practiced and taught both pharmacy and medicine in rome during 130-200 CE

First Apothecaries

Established by Arabs in the late eighteenth century separated the arts of the apothecary and physician

Pharmacopoeia

a book containing a list of drug products used in medicine, including their descriptions and formulas

First organization of pharmacists

King James I granted a separate company known as the Master, wardens, and society of art and mystery of the apothecaries of the city of london

Christopher Marshall

Established an apothecary shop in Philadelphia the shop became a leading retail store, one of the first large scale chemical manufactures, a training school for pharmacists and an important supply depot during the American Revolution

Elizabeth Marshall

granddaughter of Christopher Marshall; took over management of the family apothecary store and became the first american female pharmacist

America's First Hospital

founded by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia in 1751

Jonathan Roberts

The first hospital pharmacist in america

John Morgan

physician who advocated seperation of pharmacy and physician practices

Andrew Craigie

A pharmacy pioneer who developed an early pharmaceutical wholesaling and manufacturing business and was the first pharmaceutical officer in the american army

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

Americas first educational institution for pharmacy

American Pharmaceutical Association

APhA - Founded in 1853 to provide for more uniform standards of education.

William Procter

Known as the father of american pharmacy

Gregor Mendal

an Australian priest and scientist who began the history of genetics, experimented with pea plants a.k.a "the father of genetics"

American Council on Pharmaceutical Education

ACPE - Responsible for accreditation for colleges of pharmacy and continuing education programs

The Traditional Era

this era of pharmacy practiced in the 20th century continued with pharmacists [primarily formulating and dispensing drugs

The Scientific Era

this era was marked by the development of new drugs, scientific testing of the effects of drugs on the huiman body, new regulations pertaining to theefficiancy of medications, and the mass production of synthetic drugs and antibiotics

The Clinical Era

This era transformed pharmacy into cognitive based profession, slightly before the united states as a whole entered the ongoing information age.

The Pharmaceutical Care Era

The combination of three eras. the practice of pharmacy and the role of the pharmasists became focused on ensuring positive outcomes for drug related therapies.

Pharmacy Law and Ethics

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Administrative Law

Regulations set forth by governmental agencies, such as the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Social Security Administration (SSA); also called regulatory law

Adulterated

Tampering with or contaminating a product or substance

Barbiturates

Drugs derived from barbituric acid, which act as central nervous system depressants.

Bioethics

A discipline dealing with the ethical and moral implications of biological research and applications

Civil Law

Rules and regulations that govern the relationship between individuals within a society

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that is responsible for assurance of the safety, efficacy, and security of drugs used for humans and pets, biological products, medical devices, cosmetics, radioactive products, and the national food supply

Malpractice

Professional misconduct, or the demonstration of an unreasonable lack of skill, resulting in injury, loss, or damage to a patient

Medical Ethics

The discipline in which merits, risks, and social concerns are evaluated concerning the practice of medicine

Misbranding

Fraudulent labeling or marketing

National Drug Code (NDC)

A unique and permanent product code assigned to each new drug as it becomes available in the marketplace; it identifies the manufacturer or distributor, the drug formulation, and the size and type of its packaging

National Formulary (NF)

A database of officially recognized drug names

Negligence

A type of unintentional tort alleged when a person has performed, failed to perform, an act that a reasonable person would, or would not, have performed in similar circumstances

Orphan Drug

A drug that is developed for small populations of people in need of the drug

Regulatory Law

Regulations set forth by governmental agencies. AKA administrative law

Standards

Established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example; something set up and established by authority as a rule for the measure of quantity, weight, extent, value, or quality.

Standard Code Sets

Under HIPAA, "codes used to encode data elements, table of terms, medical concepts, diagnostic codes, or medical procedure." A code set includes the codes and descriptors of the codes

Statutes

Rules and regulations resulting from decisions by legislatures

Tort

A civil wrong committed against a person or property

Beneficence

Code of Ethics principle - concerns actions designed to positively benefit patients and pharmacy customers. Actions should be performed without prejudice.

Fidelity

Code of Ethics principle - means that promises are kept so that patient needs are fulfilled correctly and on time. This also encompasses the maintenance of patient confidentiality

Veracity

Code of Ethics principle - concerns telling the truth, both for the benefit of patients in their care and in the effort to stop drug diversion to ensure correct reporting of medication errors

Justice

Code of Ethics principle - is based on lawful actions that are fair and equal to all

Autonomy

Code of Ethics principle - involves self-reliance, wherein pharmacy technicians work to support the pharmacist, but also with initiative, reliability, and dependability. Pharmacy staff must also acknowledge and encourage patient's to participate in their health care decisions

1906 Federal and Food Drug Act

This act prohibits the sale of mislabeled drugs as well as the sale of adulterated drugs.

1914 Harrison Narcotic Act

This act requires a prescription to purchase opium and limits the transport of it.

1938 Food Drug and Cosmetic Act

This act required drug companies to provide package inserts. Also, this act required that habit-forming drugs be labeled as such and new drugs have to be proven safe under the FDA guidelines before they are marketed.

1951 Durham Humphrey Amendment

This act made the distinction between over the counter drugs (OTC) and legend (prescription drugs) possible. Legend drugs should be labeled as "Caution: Federal Law prohibits dispensing without a prescription

1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment

This amendment "Drug Efficacy Amendment" was passed to law due to birth defects that were caused by the drug thalidomide in Europe. Drugs made from 1938 forward must be proven safe and effective

1970 Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act (Controlled Substance Act-CSA)

This act created the (DEA) Drug Enforcement Administration and classified drugs on their potential for abuse.

1970 Poison Prevention Packaging Act

This act made necessary for childproof packaging on most drugs.

1970 Patient Package Inserts

This law was passed so that certain drugs can may be dispensed with PPI's or (patient package inserts). These PPI's inform patients about the precautions to be followed while taking such drugs.

1972 Drug Listing Act

This act required that National Drug Code (NDC) numbers to be assigned to every marketed drug.

1976 Medical Device Amendment of 1976

This amendment was created for the safety and efficacy and classification of all medical devices.

1983 Orphan Drug Act

This law was passed in order to make generic drugs more available to the general public. It encouraged and provided tax relief to manufacturers to create orphan drugs for the treatment of rare diseases and allows the FDA to further advance the research and marketing of these drugs.

1984 Drug Price Competition and Patent- Term Restoration Act (Hatch- Waxman Amendment)

This act streamlined the FDA approval process for marketing generic drugs and extended the terms of patents for companies that develop new drugs.

1987 Prescription Drug Marketing Act

This act prohibited the re-importation of drugs to the United States with the exception of the manufacturer.

1988 Food and Drug Administration Act

The Prescription Drug Marketing Act was established to ban the sale, trade and purchase of drug samples. Any type of adverse reactions to drugs must be reported to the FDA.

1990 Anabolic Steroid Control Act

This act redefined anabolic steroids as a Schedule 3 controlled substances and to provide criminal penalties for illicit use to coaches and others who endeavor to persuade or induce athletes to take anabolic steroids.

1996 (HIPAA) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

This law was passed to create rules and regulations regarding the security and the privacy of all patients' health records and information. This act provides limitations on who can have access and distribute and receive patient's health information.

1990 Omnibus Budget Reconcilliation Act (OBRA)

This act required pharmacists to engage in drug utilization reviews (DUR) and required counseling to patients about their prescriptions without charging.

1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA)

This act treated herbal supplements as food products rather than drugs. It prohibited manufacturers of herbs and dietary supplements from making claims that these products treat or cure any specific disease or illness.