Public Speaking Mid-Term

Chapter 1

Introducing Public Speaking

What are the four characteristics of public speaking?

1. Public Speaking features communication between a speaker and an audience.

2. Public Speaking is audience centered.

3. Public Speaking emphasizes the spoken word.

4. Public Speaking is usually a prepared presentation.

What is the historical tradition of public speaking?

People have used the art of public speaking since as far back as the fifth century to inform, influence, and persuade others.

What are the main components of the transactional model?

This way is a communicative exchange. Messages are being sent and received.

-Feedback is provided by the receivers.

-There is a shared meaning to the speech (something that the speaker and audience connect to)

What are the main components of the linear model?

-there is a source

-a message

-the message is encoded with verbal and nonverbal symbols

-The encoded message goes through a channel

-Has one or more receivers

-Those receivers try and decode the message

How does critical thinking influence public speaking?

The evidence that is being presented is being carefully evaluated and you recognize that other meanings may be taken from your message.

How does ethics influence public speaking?

As a public speaker you have to consider what is ethical in terms of what you are speaking about.

-Tell the truth

-Avoid manipulative reasoning

-Incorporate research materials into your speech properly.

How does diversity influence public speaking?

When constructing your speech you must take into mind the traditions, values, and rules for living.

Source

A person with an idea to express.

Message

The ideas that he or she conveys to the audience

Encode

Using verbal and nonverbal symbols to express the ideas.

Verbal Symbol

Words that the source uses.

Nonverbal Symbol

Means of making a point without the use of words, such as hand gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions.

Channel

The medium of delivery

ex. microphone, broadcast, podcast

Receiver

The people who the source communicates their message to.

Decode

Process the verbal and nonverbal symbols and form their own perceptions of the message's meaning.

Noise (Interference)

A phenomenon that disrupts communication between source and receiver.

Transaction

A communicative exchange in which all participants continuously send AND receive messages.

Feedback

Verbal and nonverbal responses like yawning and yelling back

Shared Meaning

A common understanding with little confusion and few misinterpretations.

Culture

Values, traditions, and rules for living that are passed from generation to generation.

Worldview

The "lens" through which he or she sees and interprets reality.

Critical Thinking

Refers to the analysis and evaluation of ideas based on reliability, truth, and accuracy.

Freedom of Expression

The right to share one's ideas and opinions free from censorship

Ethics

Refers to a set of beliefs shared by a group about what behaviors are correct and incorrect.

Chapter 2

Developing Your First Speech

What are Cicero's five classical canons of rhetoric?

1. Invention

2. Arrangement

3. Style

4. Memory

5. Delivery

What are the thirteen steps for preparing and delivering your first speech?

1. Analyze your Audience

2. Select your Topic

3. Determine the Rhetorical Purpose

4. Create a thesis statement

5. Determine your main points

6. Develop Supporting Materials

7. Organize and Outline the Body of your Speech

8. Outline Your Intro and Conclusion

9. Incorporate Transitions

10. Consider your word choice

11. Consider presentation aids

12. Practice your speech

13. Deliver your speech

How do speakers manage speech anxiety?

-Prepare early and follow a plan

-Take care of Yourself

-Visualize Success

-Use relaxation techniques

-Volunteer to speak first

-Never defeat yourself

Classical Canons of Rhetoric

Form the basis of speech preparation

Invention

The generation of ideas for the use in a speech

Arrangement

Refers to structuring ideas to convey them effectively to an audience

Style

The choice of language that will best express a speakers ideas to the audience.

Memory

(Also called preparation) Somewhat analogous to practice and refers to the work that speakers do to remain in command of their material when they present a speech.

Delivery

Refers to the speaker's use of his or her voice and body during the actual presentation of a speech.

Audience analysis

The process of learning about an audience's interests and backgrounds in order to create a speech that meets their needs.

Topic

The subject you will address

Rhetorical Purpose

A primary goal for the speech (to inform, persuade, or marketing a special occasion)

Thesis Statement

A single sentence that sums up your speeches main message and reflects your narrowed topic and rhetorical purpose.

Main Points

The major ideas you will emphasize in your presentation.

Supporting Materials

Information that bolsters and fleshes out the main point

Brainstorming

The process of quickly listing every idea that comes to mind, without evaluating merit, in order to create a list of ideas.

Research

The process of gathering information from the libraries, quality online sources, and interviews with sources who are knowledgeable about your topic.

Bibliographic Information

The author, the author's credentials, the name of the source, the publication date, the pages in which you found your information

Outline

The text of your speech or brief phrases depending on the kind of outline.

Body

The core of your speech and is where you present your main message about your topic.

Sub-points

These explain, prove, or expand your main point

Subordination

This means each main point must relate to the specific purpose and each sub-point must relate to the main point that it supports.

Introduction (5 Parts)

1.Attention-getter

2. Thesis statement

3. Show the audience what's in it for them

4. Credibility

5. Preview your main points

Conclusion

Your speech summarizes what you have said and leaves the audience with a memorable impression of your presentation.

Transition

A sentence that indicates you are moving from one idea to another.

Word Choice (Diction)

Makes your speech more memorable and engaging for you listeners.

Presentation Aid

Anything beyond the speech itself that the audience can see or hear that helps them remember your message.

Extemporaneous Delivery

Using only notes for reference, rather than reading your speech word for word to an audience

Speech Anxiety

The worry or fear people feel before speaking in public.

Visualization

You imagine yourself doing well and presenting without any issues.

Relaxation Strategies

Techniques that reduce muscle tension and negative thoughts. Ex: Breathe deep and steady, tighten and release muscles

What are some tips for when you are delivering your speech?

Maintain eye contact, project your voice, maintain an even rate of speaking, convey interest in your topic.

Chapter 3

Speech Ethics

What are the two major approaches to ethics?

Ethical absolutism and situational ethics

How can culture issues impact our approach to ethics?

Different cultures have different beliefs on what is ethical or not so you have to consider the culture of the audience when deciding what is ethical in your speech.

What is the difference between ethical and legal speech?

Ethical refers to incorporating ethical decision making into your speech AND what you say. Legal speech is using the law as a boundary for what you say AND how you say it.

What is the primary responsibility of an ethical speaker?

To tell the truth.

What is plagiarism?

The deliberate and knowing presentation of another persons original ideas or creative ideas as ones own.

How can you be sure to avoid plagiarism?

If you're using most or all of the original material, simply rearranged and restated cite the information.

What are forms of untruthful speech?

Lying, Half-truths, False inference

What are four fallacies that misuse logic are listed in the chapter?

1. Hasty generalization

2. Post hoc fallacy

3. Ad Hominem (personal attack)

4. Ad Populum (bandwagon)

What are the qualities of an ethical listener?

Show courtesy, demonstrate an open mind, and hold the speaker accountable

Ethical absolutism

the belief that people should exhibit the same behavior in all situations

Situational ethics

Holds that correct behavior can vary depending on the situation

culturally relative

Making sure the ethics is relative to the culture that you are in or giving your speech to.

ethical speech

Incorporating ethical decision making in your pubic speaking process AND into what you ultimately say.

legally protected speech

Using the law as a boundary for what you say AND how you say it.

half-truth

When the speaker reveals only part of the truth and then mixes it with a lie.

false inference

When the speaker presents information that leads the listener to the wrong conclusion.

taking evidence out of context

The speaker shares a source's data or statements without explaining how they relate to the original situation.

omission

The presenters mislead the audience not by what they say but what they leave unsaid.

paraphrasing

Restating the authors ideas in her own words

common knowledge

Information that is widely known and disseminated in many sources.

fallacious reasoning

Faulty reasoning in which the link between a claim and its supporting material is weak.

hasty generalization

Making a claim about all members of a group from information based on a limited part of the group.

post hoc fallacy

Wrongly identifying the cause of one event as the event that immediately preceded it.

ad hominem (personal attack) fallacy

Attempting to weaken someones argument by making unsubstantiated claims about his or her character.

ad populum (bandwagon) fallacy

Believing that an argument is true simply because other people believe it.

ethical audience

Include courtesy, open-mindedness, and a willingness to hold a speaker accountable for his or her statements.

Chapter 5

Audience Analysis

What are the four situational characteristics of a speech situation?

1. Size

2. Time

3. Location

4. Mobility

How do demographics influence the way audiences might respond to a message?

Based off the demographics of a group you can better anticipate their beliefs, willingness to listen, and likely their responses.

Aside from demographics, how else can you analyze your audience?

By their socioeconomic status or their Political affiliation

What are three techniques that one can use to gather information about an audience?

1. Survey your audience

2. Interview your audience

3. Considering and Observing Your Audience

Situational Characteristics

Factors in a specific speech setting that you can observe or discover BEFORE you give your speech

Audience Size

The number of people who will be present for your speech

Presentation Time

The length of time you have to give your speech

Body Clock (chronemics)

The time of day or day of the week that your audience will hear your presentation

Location (forum)

Setting where your audience will hear your speech

Stationary Audience

Listeners will be relatively motionless

Mobile Audience

An audience that is strolling by or just stopping for a moment to listen.

Demographics

Refers to the certain characteristics of your listeners

Gender Composition

Mixed or single gender

Gender Stereotype

Oversimplified and often distorted views of what it means to be male or female.