key terms

Daimyo

Powerful Japanese feudal lords with control over land and samurai armies.

Castle Towns

Towns near daimyo castles, serving as administrative and commercial hubs.

Modus Vivendi

A compromise allowing conflicting parties to coexist peacefully.

Latitudinarian

Tolerance towards diverse religious beliefs and practices.

Banner System

Qing Dynasty's organization dividing the population into banners for governance.

Ever-Normal Granaries

Public granaries in China to stabilize food supply and prices.

Mansabdars

Mughal Empire officials governing territories, revenue collection, and troops.

Sulh-i Kull

Mughal policy promoting religious and cultural harmony.

Political Arithmetic

Statistical analysis by governments for economic and population management.

The Asiento

Spanish crown contract allowing supply of enslaved Africans to colonies.

South Sea Bubble

18th-century British financial crisis from speculative investments.

Capitalist

Economic system based on private ownership, profit motive, and competition.

Gòng

Chinese term for public or communal works like infrastructure projects.

Demagogue

Political leader appealing to popular desires rather than rational argument.

Improvement

18th and 19th-century movement for agricultural and industrial advancements.

Lines of Amity

Agreed demarcation lines by European powers for colonial territories.

Somerset Case

1772 legal case in England ending slavery by declaring it unsupported by English law.

German Idealism

Late 18th and early 19th-century philosophical movement focusing on the mind's role in shaping reality.

Self-Culture

Personal development and self-improvement through education and discipline.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt leading to Haiti's independence as a black republic.

Indemnity Controversy

Disputes over compensation for losses, often in wars and colonial contexts.

Creoles

European descent individuals born in the Americas, especially in Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

Freedom (in the Kantian Sense)

Autonomy and self-governance based on rational moral principles.

Liberalism

Philosophy advocating for individual freedoms, representative government, and civil liberties protection.

Democracy (as Romantic Nationalist Ideal)

19th-century democracy tied to a nation's unique spirit and cultural unity.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Federal state with shared governance between Poland and Lithuania.

Lubok

Traditional Russian prints conveying folk tales, religious stories, and social commentary.

Total War

Warfare involving complete mobilization of society's resources and people.

Taiping Rebellion

Massive civil war in China led by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom against the Qing Dynasty.

Unequal Treaties

Agreements imposed on weaker countries by stronger powers with significant concessions.

Cosmopolis

Inclusive city or community with diverse cultures and peoples.

Indian Ocean World

Interconnected maritime region linking Africa, Middle East, South Asia, and Southeast Asia through trade and cultural exchanges.