Aastha Kaneria/Chapter 2: Cytology

What does cytology mean?

The study of cells

What is the cell theory?

The cell is the smallest unit of life that can maintain and perpetuate itself

Who are the three scientists that came up with the cell theory?

Matthias Schleiden, Theodore Schwann, and Rudolf Virchow

How are cells limited in size?

Cells will only grow so big. They either remain the same size, or they divide into two smaller ones.

What does pro- mean?

Before

What does karyo- mean?

Nucleus

What are fimbriae?

attachment structures on the surface of some prokaryotes.

What is the nucleoid?

Region where the cell’s DNA is located (not enclosed with a membrane)

What does -oid mean?

Resemble

What does eu- mean?

True

How big are animal cells compared to prokaryotic cells?

10x

What is the cell membrane?

Provides a membrane bound boundary for the cell. Semi- permeable. Bi-layer.

What does the cell membrane act as?

Acts as a layer of protection and boundary for the cell

What does semi- permeable mean?

Means that substances can pass in and out of the cell

Describe the phospholipid by-layer

The bi layer had a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Separates the two fluid components.

What does philia mean?

Like/love

What does phobic mean?

Dislikes

What are microvilli?

Microvilli are projections that increase the cell’s surface area

What is the cytoplasm made up of?

The cytoplasm is made up of a jelly substance along with other organelles.

What happens when too much of the waste products accumulate in the cell?

Cell becomes toxic

What do all living things need to be surrounded by?

Fluids

What is the purpose of the phospholipid bilayer?

To separate the two fluid compartments

What are embedded proteins?

Proteins that are attached to cell membranes

What are ion channels?

Specific for ions. Na, K, Ca, Cl. Can open and close

What are transporter (carrier) proteins?

Specific for amino acids/sugars. May require ATP (active transport)

What are enzymes?

Catalyze chemical reactions

What are receptor sites?

Specific for certain hormones, Neurotransmitters, and drugs. Activation of the receptor - causes a change in cell activity (side effects)

What are recognition sites?

Allows WBCs to distinguish between your cells and foreign cells. Organ transplant rejection, Autoimmune disease

What are side effects

Unwanted effects that happen because of a drug. Isn’t the main goal of the drug

What are two immunosuppressant drugs?

Corticosteroids and Prednisone.

What is thalidomide?

A medication to help pregnant women cope with morning sickness

What was the side effect of thalidomide?

Babies, when born, were born with shorter arms than normal, severe birth defects.

What is the nucleus?

Contains nuclear pores. The nucleus contains the DNA for the cell.

What is the nucleolus?

1 or more small sacs inside the nucleus

What are chromatin

Uncoiled DNA in the nucleus

What are chromosomes?

Coiled up DNA in the nucleus

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Tubular network. Studded with ribosomes or no ribosomes.

What is the function of the ER?

Transport of chemicals within the cell

What is the function of the Smooth ER?

Location of lipid synthesis

What is the function of the rough ER?

Associated with protein synthesis

What are ribosomes?

Granules made up of RNA and protein

What is the golgi complex?

A stack of flat sacs that temporarily store chemical substances from the ER

What is the function of the golgi complex?

Temporarily stores chemical substances formed in the ER.

What are vacuoles?

Round sacs that store substances

What are vesicles?

Round sacs that store substances

What are lysosomes?

“suicide bags” membranous sacs containing digestive enzymes

What do lysosomes contain

Digestive enzymes

Where are lysosomes made?

Sacs in the Golgi complex

What is autosylis?

Break down of a cell

What are mitochondria?

Oval structures containing and outer and inner membrane with enzymes

What is cellular respiration

Glucose and oxygen form to make ATP and water and carbon

What are centrioles?

9+0 arrangement of microtubes

Where do you find centrioles?

In animal cells

What are the two organelles for motion?

Flagella and Cillia

What is the flagella?

9+2 arrangement of microtubules. Motile tail that is used for movement

What are cilla?

9+2 arrangement of microtubules. Motile hairs that are used for movement.

Where are two common places that cilla is found?

Airway of lungs and fallopian tubes.

What is Interphase?

Period from when the cell is formed until the cell starts to divide

What is the G1 phase of interphase?

Period of cell growth. Active protein synthesis and formation of cytoplasmic organelles.

What is the S phase of interphase?

DNA synthesis phase. The “chromosomes” replicates

What is the G2 phase of interphase?

Period of cell growth. Formation of mitotic structure.

What are the four steps in the mitotic phase?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

What is prophase?

Cell prepares to divide. DNA coils into chromosomes. Mitotic apparatus forms

What is metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell

What is Anaphase?

Chromosomes move apart to opposite ends of the cell. “Karyokinesis"“

What is Telophase?

Cytokinesis-- cell constricts into two cells. Cell returns back to interphase appearance (DNA uncoils back, mitotic apparatus breaks-down)

What is cytokinesis

The cell constricts into two cells/

How often do skin cells, blood cells, and cells lining the alimentary canal divide?

Continuously throughout life.

What is the alimentary canal?

Gastrointestinal Tract

How often do liver and kidney cells divide?

They divide as needed.

How often do muscle and nerve cells divide?

They do not divide. Lose their mitotic ability.

What does Amitotic mean?

Do not divide. (A=without) (mitotic=mitosis)

What are the two types of abnormal cell division?

Hyperplasia and Neoplasm

What is hyperplasia?

An increase in the number of cells

What is Neoplasm?

Tumor. Benign or malignant

What are malignant tumors know as?

Cancer.

What is the end result of Meiosis?

Production of haploid sex cells (gametes)

Where does it occur?

In reproductive organs (gonads)

What does karyokinesis mean?

Movement in the nucleus.

What does soma mean?

Body.

What is a karyotype?

A chart filled with all 23 pairs of chromosomes. 22 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes.