asdfasdf

asfadsf

Anabolic

Build up molecules

Catabolic

Break down molecules

Heterotrophs

Obtain food/energy by consuming other living things

Autotrophs

Organisms that make their own food

Chemoautotroph

An organism that uses energy from chemical reactions to generate ATP

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate

Thylakoid

Saclike photosynthetic membranes arranged in stacks known as grana

Stroma

Fluid portion of the chloroplast, outside the thylakoid

Lamellae

Membranes that allow for movement of molecules between grana

Stomata

Pores on the underside of a leaf surrounded by a pair of guard cells

Electron Carriers

Compounds that can accept a pair of high energy electrons and transfer them to another molecule

NADP+

A carrier molecule that accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+)

Photosynthesis Reactions

2 sets of reactions: Light-dependent (in the thylakoid) and Light-independent / Calvin Cycle (in the stroma)

Chlorophyll

Pigments that absorb blue-violet and red regions of light

Visible Spectrum

Ranges from 380-780 nm where light of different wavelengths is perceived as different colors

Cuticle

Covers the stomata to prevent water loss but does not block the pore from releasing oxygen or taking in carbon dioxide

Guard Cells

Cells that surround the stomata and change shape to open or close them

Photosynthetic Organisms

Organisms that capture energy from sunlight with pigments

Carotene

Red and orange pigments found in plants

Energy Storage in ATP

Energy can be stored by adding a third phosphate to ADP

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical processes that occur within a living organism.

Anabolic

Build up molecules.

Catabolic

Break down molecules.

Heterotrophs

Consumers that obtain food/energy by consuming other living things.

Autotrophs

Producers that make their own food, such as plants, algae, and some bacteria.

Chemoautotroph

An organism that uses energy from chemical reactions to generate ATP, using inorganic compounds, found in extreme environments.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released or formed.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate, consisting of adenine, ribose (5-carbon sugar), and 3 phosphate groups.

ADP

Adenosine diphosphate, consisting of adenine, ribose, and 2 phosphate groups.

ATP Powered Processes

Processes that carry out active transport, keep sodium-potassium pumps working, power movement, provide energy for muscle contractions, and power cilia and flagella.

Light

A mixture of different wavelengths perceived as different colors by the human eye.

Visible Spectrum

Ranges from 380-780 nm.

Pigments

Substances that absorb light, such as chlorophyll, which captures energy from sunlight.

Chlorophyll

Pigment that absorbs blue-violet and red light but reflects green light.

Chloroplasts

Organelles where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll.

Thylakoid

Saclike photosynthetic membranes arranged in stacks known as grana.

Stroma

The fluid portion of the chloroplast, outside the thylakoid.

Stomata

Pores on the underside of a leaf, surrounded by guard cells that regulate their opening and closing.

Electron Carriers

Compounds that can accept high energy electrons and transfer them to another molecule.

NADP+

A carrier molecule that accepts and holds 2 high energy electrons and a hydrogen ion (H+), converting it to NADPH.

Photosynthesis Reactions

Two sets of reactions: Light-dependent (in the thylakoid) and Light-independent / Calvin Cycle (in the stroma).

Plants

Multicellular eukaryotic autotrophic organisms that conduct photosynthesis, have cell walls of cellulose, and undergo sexual reproduction.

Vascular System

A system in plants that includes roots, xylem, and phloem.

Metabolism

The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds that can be released when bonds break.

Energy Storage in ATP

Energy can be stored by adding a third phosphate to ADP.

Visible Spectrum

The range of light wavelengths from 380-780 nm.

Pigments

Substances that capture energy from sunlight in photosynthetic organisms.

Chloroplasts

Organelles that serve as the site for photosynthesis and contain chlorophyll.

Stomata

Pores on the underside of a leaf surrounded by guard cells that regulate gas exchange.

Electron Carriers

Compounds that accept and transfer high energy electrons to other molecules.

NADP+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a carrier molecule that accepts 2 high energy electrons and a hydrogen ion to become NADPH.

Vascular System

A system in plants consisting of roots, xylem, and phloem.

Pollen & Seeds

Key features developed in plants to aid reproduction and dispersal.

Bryophytes

Mosses that must be in a moist environment, lack a waxy cuticle, require sperm to swim to the egg, and are nonvascular with no roots, only a root-like anchoring system.

Pterophytes

Ferns that are the first vascular plants but still do not produce seeds, dominated the Triassic to Cretaceous Periods, and have vascular tissues including xylem and phloem.

Xylem

Vascular tissue that carries water and nitrogen/phosphorus upwards in plants.

Phloem

Vascular tissue that carries sugars downwards in plants.

Gymnosperms

Vascular plants with naked seeds, such as conifers, that survive under dry conditions and rely on wind for pollen dispersal.

Angiosperms

Vascular plants with enclosed seeds in flowers, which are the most abundant and diverse group of plants and rely on animals for pollen dispersal.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells and some algae that allows for the harvesting of energy from sunlight and the process of photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

The process by which chloroplasts use sunlight to combine carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and oxygen.

Chlorophyll

The common green pigment in chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight.

Thylakoids

Disc-shaped sacs within chloroplasts that are folded into an inner membrane.

Granum

Stacks of thylakoids within chloroplasts.

Lamellae

Structures that connect grana in chloroplasts.

Stroma

The gel-like material surrounding thylakoids in chloroplasts.