GEN 604 EXAM 1

Transmission Genetics

How genetic information is passed from parent to offspring.

Molecular-developmental genetics

how genetic information is transmitted from DNA to gene action

Population genetics

How genetic information is transmitted over many populations

Blending theory of inheritance

is the hypothesis that offspring are a smooth blend of parental traits

trait value

the measurable expression of a trait in an individual, often quantified numerically or described qualitatively

F1 meaning

first generation

F2 meaning

second generation

allele

different versions of the same gene

dominant

some alleles are dominant over others

genetics

study of heredity and the variation of inherited charachteristics

chromosomal theory

genes are located on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendelian patterns of inheritance

Central dogma of molecular biology

DNA to RNA to protein

Replication

DNA is replicated, this is when new DNA molecules are made

Transcription

RNA is transcribed, new RNA molecules are made

Translation

RNA is translated into proteins, new protein molecules are made

model organisms

small, short generation times, small genome

SNPs

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

gene discovery

finding genes that control individual traits

wild type

the genotype that is most abundant/found in nature

mutation

process that gives rise to mutants

mutant

any organism gene or cell with an alteration

forward genetics

start from a pool of random single gene mutants and find mutants with phenotypes of interest

zygote

a male gamete

heterozygotes

an individual with two different alleles for a gene

homozygote

an individual with two of the same alleles for a gene

Monohybrids

heterozygotes for a single gene, ex : Y/y

Monohybrid cross

Y/y x Y/y

Homozygous dominant

Y/Y

Heterozygous

Y/y

homozygous recessive

y/y

Mitosis

results in 2 new 2n daughter cells

meiosis

results in 4 new 1n daughter cells

sister chromosomes

two identical chromatids

meiocytes

the result of meiosis, become gametes

M phase of cell cycle

mitosis

S phase of cell cycle

DNA replication stage

G phase of cell cycle

Gap phase- grows, synthesizes, ensures readiness for replication

Stages of mitosis and meiosis

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Telophase

sister chromatids separate

Telophase I during meiosis

Sister chromosomes are pulled apart

Equal segregation

two alleles at a gene locus segregate from one another, allowing each gamete an equal chance of containing either allele.

When are identical chromatids produced

during meiosis

Recessiveness

Is observed when a gene is haplosufficient

haplosufficient

one functional allele is enough to make the wild type phenotype: Y/y and Y/Y both produce yellow peas

Haploinsufficient

One functional allele is NOT enough to make the wild type phenotype. The presence of a single mutant allele is enough to produce a mutant phenotype.

Sex chromosomes

chromosomes that denote the sex of the bearer