AP Human Geography Models/Theories

FYI: there may be repeats

Vance, Hartshorn, & Muller

developed the Urban Realms Model, which is a spatial generalization of the large, late 20th century city in the U.S. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multi-centered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown. The only exception is e shrunken, sometimes struggling central realm which is focused on the CBD.

Concentric Zone Model

Burgess' concentric zone model is a description of the process of urban growth that views the city as a series of circular areas or zones, each characterized by a different type of land use that developed from a central core. There are five different zones: 1.Central Business District 2.Wholesale and Light Manufacturing 3.Low-Class Residential 4. Medium-Class Residential 5. High-Class Residential. Example: Chicago

Gravity Model

A fraction that predicts the interaction between places on the basis of their population size and distance between them (Population 1 x Population 2 ÷ Distance) The greatest distance will have the least spatial interaction.

Latin American City Model

Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant

Multiple Nuclei Model

Created by Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1940s, it's a model that suggests that the CBD is losing its dominant position. A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities. There are nine different zones: 1. CBD 2. Wholesale, Light Manufacturing 3. Low-Class Residential 4. Medium-Class Residential 5. High-Class Residential 6. Heavy Manufacturing 7. Outlying BD 8. Residential Suburb 9. Industrial Suburb.

Sector Model

Focuses on residential patterns explaining where the wealthy in a city choose to live. Hoyt argued that the city grows outward from the center, so a low-rent area could extend all the way from the CBD to the city's outer edge, creating zones which are shaped like pieces of a pie. There are five different zones: 1. CBD 2. Transportation & Industry 3. Low-Class Residential 4. Middle-Class Residential 5. High-Class Residential

Demographic Transition Model

Hypothesis that countries, as they become industrialized, have declines in death rates followed by declines in birth rates

Rostow's Stages of Growth

model that postulates that economic modernization of countries occurs in five basic stages between agricultural and service-based economies: Traditional society, Preconditions for take-off , Take-off, Drive to maturity, Age of High mass consumption

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services

Domino Theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Core Periphery Model

based on the notion that as one region or state expands in economic prosperity, it must engulf regions nearby to ensure ongoing economic and political success. The area of high growth becomes known as the core, and the neighboring area is the periphery. Cores and peripheries may be towns, cities, states, or nations.

Von Thunen Agricultural Model

It explains agricultural land use patterns by varying transportation cost. The pattern predicts more-intensive rural land is closer to the marketplace, and more extensive rural land is farther from the market place. These rural land use zones are divided into concentric rings.

Epidemiologic Transition Model

A shift in the disease pattern of a population as mortality fell during the first stages of the demographic transition. Acute infectious diseases were reduced, whereas chronic, degenerative diseases increased. It also meant a gradual upward shift in the age distribution of deaths.

Weber's Least Cost Theory

theory that described the optimal location of a manufacturing firm in relation to the cost of transportation, labor, and advantages through agglomeration

Heartland Theory

A geopolitical hypothesis that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east

Rimland Theory

Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provided the base for world conquest.

Malthus' Principles of Population

belief that there will always be poverty because food production can't keep up with the rising population, Based on the idea that all poverty comes from a lack of food, and there will never be enough food to support the growing population, and therefore there will always be poverty.

Neo-Malthusians

a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources. Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth

Boserup Hypothesis

Based on the observation that explains how population increase necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming.

Rank Size Rule

In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

Bid-Rent Theory

geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance from the Central Business District (CBD) increases.

World Systems Theory

Wallerstein's theory of the core, semi-periphery, periphery, and external areas. The core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. THe semi-perihpery was the buffer between the core and periphery. The periphery are states that lack strong central governments or are controlled by other states. External areas are states that maintained their own economic system and for the most part, remained outside of the capitalist world economy

Sustainable Development

A way of using natural resources without depleting them, and of providing for human needs without causing long term environmental harm

Modernization Theory

A version of market-oriented development theory that argues that low-income societies develop economically only if they give up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize savings and productive investment.

Dependency Theory

A model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

Ravenstein, Ernst

Hypothesized a set of 11 migration "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.

Mahan, Alfred

(Influence of Sea Power on History) He believed that the future of military power lay in the navy. Navel strategist and author who argued that national power depended on naval supremacy, colonies, and foreign markets.

Spykman, Nicholas

developed the Rimland Theory, which argues that the Eurasian rim (land & sea), not the heartland, holds the key to global power. ___________ adopts Mackinder's divisions of the world, renaming some: the Heartland, the Rimland, and the Offshore Islands & Continents.

Burgess, Ernst

Geographer who created the Concentric Zone Model of the North American city

Boserup, E

observed that population increase necessitates increased inputs of labor and technology to compensate for reductions in the natural yields of swidden farming.

VonThunen, Johann

created an agricultural model for market-oriented crops. A big assumption of the model is that all the farms and their crops have the same market. The model predicts the type of agriculture based on its distance from the farm to the market. Technology has slightly outdated the model. The model can be applied with rings, sectors extending outwards, or even realms.

Harris, C. & Ullman, E

Developed in the 1950s, this model explains the changing growth pattern of urban spaces based on the assumption that growth occurred independently around several major "NODES", many of which are far away from the central business district and only marginally connected to it.

Weber, Alfred

German economist who developed in 1909 a theory for the location of industries that focused on transportation, labor, and agglomeration as factors of production affecting the optimal (least cost) industrial location.

Zelinsky, Wilbur

identified 12 major perceptual regions on a series of maps and analyzed the telephone directories of 276 metropolitan areas in the US and Canada & developed a migration transition model which complemented the demographic transition.

Christaller, Walter

German geographer who in the early 1930s first formulated central-place theory as a series of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban centers. Crucial to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and in range

Mackinder, Halford

created the heartland theory which states that the heartland of the world was between the Volga to the Yangtze and the Himalayas to the Arctic. In the heartland the world was the most populous and most rich. The Americas and England and Australia are on the periphery of the heartland. He stated that whoever controlled the heartland controlled the world.

Rostow, W

developed the Modernization Model - a liberal model that postulates that economic modernization occurs in five basic stages: Stage 1: Traditional, stage 2: preconditions for takeoff, Stage 3: Takeoff, Stage 4: Drive to Maturity, Stage 5: Age of Mass Consumption

Malthus, Thomas

Was one of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food production. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.

Hoyt, Homer

Published the sector model of urban structure, response to concentric zone model.

Wallerstein, Immanuel

The creator of the world system theory, which explains how the globalization of capitalism led to changing relations between countries. He said that as capitalism spread, countries around the world became connected to one another in ways they had not been before.

Borlaug, Norman

American agricultural scientist who introduced specially bred crops to developing nations in the 20th century, spurring the Green Revolution.

Gimbutas

developed the Kurgan hypothesis in that the Proto-Indo-European language was spoken by the Kurgans near Russia and Kazakhstan around 4300 B.C.. They were nomadic herders and spread the language by conquering much of Europe and South Asia

Renfrew, Carl

developed hypothesis where in he proposed that three areas in and near the first agricultural hearth, the Fertile Crescent, gave rise to 3 language families:Europe's indo-European lang. North African and Arabian languages and the languages in present-day Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India.

Sauer, Carl

defined cultural landscape, as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. A combination of cultural features such as language and religion

Koppen, Vladimir

Developed a climate system for classifying the world's climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation

Losch, August

developed the Zone of Profitability to determine the locations manufacturing plants could choose to maximize profit. He added the consumer demand and production costs to his calculations, determining the point of maximum profit is often difficult, but firms will usually try to identify a zone in which some kind of profit can be expected.

Hotelling, Harold

developed a Locational Interdependence theory that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.

Omran, Abdel

developed a system of three stages of epidemiologic transition: age of pestilence and famine, age of receding pandemics and finally age of degenerative and human-made transitions. It was later expanded to five stages.

Zipf, G

The rank-size rule was cornerstoned by _____ in _____. It shows that the relationship between the populations of cities goes like this: pop, pop/2, pop/3.... The rule only applies where there is no _____.

Borchert, John

Proposed a four-stage model of the evolution of the American urban system.

Migration Transition Model

Migration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage-4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration

McGhee, T. G.

Developed a model showing similar land-use patterns among medium sized cities of Southeast Asia. Its focal point is the old colonial port zone. The model also does not find any CBD in Asia, but rather he found elements of the CBD present as separate clusters surrounding the port zone.

Griffin, E & Ford, L

developed a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene.

Christaller, W

German geographer who in the early 1930s first formulated central-place theory as a series of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban centers. Crucial to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and in range.

Demographic Transition Model

says- a process with 4 steps in which every country moves through, once a country enters a new stage it will not go back to a previous stage. Stage 1: Low Growth (high CBR&CDR, low NIR),Stage 2: High Growth (high CBR&NIR, low CDR)(happened due to industrial revolution)(ex:Cape Verde, Nicaragua),Stage 3: Moderate Growth(decreasing CBR,CDR,NIR)(happens when people decide to start having less kids) (ex:Chile),Stage 4:Low Growth(CBR=CDR, has ZPG) (ex: USA, England, Luxemburg),Stage 5:unofficial stage (low CBR, increasing CDR) (ex: Russia)

Von Thunen Model

Hearth-1826, Germany, by Johann Heinrich Von Thunen,says- What farmers produce varies upon distance from market, takes into account cost of tranportation (which governs use of land), assumes no natural features (land uniformity), model places market in middle surrounded by dairy, then forestry (lumber), then grains and field crops, and lastly ranching and livestock

Rostow's Development Model

Hearth-W.W. Rostow, 1950, says- all countries move through 5 steps to development and modernization through selling resources and global participation (productive), Step 1: Traditional Society:high in agriculture but unproductive and developed, Step 2:Preconditions of Takeoff:development begins with innovative leader who starts to buy technology, Step 3:Takeoff:Same areas start to produce and become productive and bring in $, Step 4:Drive to Maturity: Technology diffuses and workers become more specialized, Step 5:High Mass Consumption: More specialized jobs and become consumers

Central Place theory

Hearth-Walter Christaller, says- where central places in the urban hierarchy would be functionally and spatially distributed (hexagon shaped areas), hierarchy: city,town,village, hamlet + assumes that all land is the same (equal, no valleys mnts) (ex: Iowa)

Concentric Zone Model

hearth-1923, E.W. Burgess, says-cities grow outwards from the CBD in rings, 1st inner ring-CBD, 2nd-Transiton Zone (poorer, immigrants), 3rd-Working Class Homes, 4th-Newer spacious homes, 5th-commuters

Multiple Nuclei Model

hearth-1945, E.L. Ulman, says-cities are a complex structure w/ more than 1 center, also says certain things are more attracted to certain areas (ex: airports attract hotels and universities attract pizzerias)

Peripheral Model

(good ex for N. America)says- an urban area consists of a central area surrounded by other districts and places and enclosed by a major road, model points to problems of segregation that characterizes many suburbs

Hoyt

Sector Model

Burgess

Concentric Zone Model

Sector Model

hearth-1939, homer hoyt, says-city develops in sections or wedges not rings, grows outwards in wedges + best housing is on edges (ex of model:chicago)

HDI

says-determines a country's development based on economic, social, and demographic indicators (given in %), 1)economic indicators- GDP per capita 2) Social indicator- Literacy rate 3)Demographic indicator-life expectancy

Wallerstein World Systems Theory

says-the world economy has a 3 tier structure,Core: generates wealth in economy, high levels of education, technology, and salaries(RICH) (ex:USA),Periphery:generates less wealth in world economy lower level of education, technology, and salaries(POOR)(ex:congo),Semi-periphery: a buffer zone between Core&periphery both can exist(ex: brazil, india, china, mexico)

Losch's Location Theory

says- manufacturing plants choose locations where they can maximize profit,can maximize profit when income is higher than the cost to make it,ex:fur stores in vail, co

Hotelling's Location Theory

says-location of an industry cannot be understood w/o references to other industrys of the same kind,ex:gas stations are always next to each other

Weber's Location Theory

says- says-manufacturing plants will be where costs are the least,ex:cheap labor, maquiladoras

Lee's Migration Theory

Divides factors causing migrations into two groups of factors, push and pull. The factors are either economic, cultural, or environmental,push- things that are unfavorable about the area that one lives in,pull-things that attract one to an area

Ravenstein's Migration Theory

says-majority of migrants move short distances and if they migrate long distances its' to cities.,urban residents migrate less than inhabitants of rural land.,families migrate less than individuals and men will travel further

Gravity Model

says-Distance and population size effect receiving and sending countries,people will travel closer than far but large populations send more people.

ex:china and india to US

Migration Transition Model

says-countries in stage 1 of DTM have internal migration,most sending countries are in stages 2-3 (international emigration),most receiving countries are in stages 3-4(int'l immigration)

Malthus Theory

claims-that worlds population is growing much more quickly than earth's food supply (1798)

Core-Domain-Sphere Model

says- a culture is more homogenous and intense in the core