LIN2011 Phonetics

[p]

voiceless bilabial stop | "pit"

[b]

voiced bilabial stop | "bot"

[t]

voiceless alveolar stop | "tattoo"

[d]

voiced alveolar stop | "dog"

[k]

voiceless velar stop | "cat"

[g]

voiced velar stop

[ʔ]

voiceless glottal stop | "uh-oh"

[f]

voiceless labiodental fricative | "fridge"

[v]

voiced labiodental fricative | "van"

[θ]

voiceless interdental fricative | "theta"

[ð]

voiced interdental fricative | "the"

[s]

voiceless alveolar fricative | "sit"

[z]

voiced alveolar fricative | "zit"

[ʃ]

voiceless post-alveolar fricative | "shy"

[ʒ]

voiced post-alveolar fricative | "azure"

[h]

voiceless glottal fricative | "how"

[tʃ]

voiceless post-alveolar affricate | "church"

[dʒ]

voiced post-alveolar affricate | "judge"

[m]

voiced bilabial nasal | "mom"

[n]

voiced alveolar nasal | "node"

[ŋ]

voiced velar nasal | suffix "-ing"

[l]

voiced alveolar glide | "line"

[ɹ]

voiced alveolar retroflex liquid | "reef"

[w]

voiceless bilabial glide | "which"

[w]

voiced bilabial glide | "with"

[j]

voiced palatal glide | "you"

[i]

high front unrounded tense | "beat"

[u]

high back rounded tense | "boot"

[ɪ]

high front unrounded lax | "bit"

[ʊ]

high back rounded lax | "put"

[ɛ]

mid front unrounded lax | "bet"

[ə]

mid central unrounded lax | "among"

[ʌ]

mid central unrounded lax | "but"

[ɔ]

mid back rounded lax | "bought"

[æ]

low front unrounded lax | "bat"

[ɑ]

low back unrounded lax | "pot"

[ɑɪ]

low back unrounded lax to high front unrounded lax | "I"

[ɑʊ]

low back unrounded lax to high back rounded lax | "bout"

[ɔɪ]

mid back rounded lax to high front unrounded lax | "boy"

[oʊ]

mid back rounded tense to high back rounded lax | "boat"

[eɪ]

mid front unrounded tense to high front unrounded lax | "bait"

Consonant

Described VPM (Voicing, Place, Manner); sounds that are produced by somehow obstructing the flow of air.

Vowel

Described HBRT (Height, Backness, Roundness, Tenseness); sounds that are produced with a generally open vocal tract, usually voiced. Suprasegmental features usually carried on them.

Monophthong

Simple vowel comprised of a single sound

Diphthong

Complex vowel comprised of two vowels combined

Accents

Centered on vowels

Suprasegmental Features

Features of language that ride on top of individual phones, yet can cause meaning differences.

Length

How long a sound is held.

Intonation

Change of pitch within an utterance, can be used to group words together in speech.

Pitch Accent

Change of pitch within an utterance, usually on a particular word

Phrase Tones

Change of pitch at end of an utterance; can be used to indicate inquisition and exclamation.

Tone

Pitch within a sound.

Stress

Prominence given to a syllable within a word. Can occur in patterns, either predictable or unpredictable. English has primary and secondary stress.