APUSH Period 2 (1607-1754)

corporate colonies

operated by joint-stock companies, such as Jamestown

royal colonies

under the direct authority and rule of a crown government official, like Virginia (post 1624)

proprietary colonies

under authority of individual charter grants of ownership by the king, example: Maryland and Pennsylvania

Chesapeake colonies

Maryland and Virginia, primarily tobacco driven economy; overproduction in the 1660s led to falling prices; labor shortages due to high death rate and Native attacks led to various methods to promote migration

Maryland

proprietorship to Lord Baltimore trusted to carry out the king's orders, attempted to establish Catholic haven with Act of Toleration until Protestant revolt repealed the act

Act of Toleration 1649

first colonial statute (Maryland) granting religious freedom to all Christians also calling for death of anyone who denied the divinity of Jesus; repealed after Protestant revolt also throwing out Catholics right to vote in assembly

Bacon's Rebellion 1676

William Berkley, governor of VA, favored large plantation owners and alienated backwoods farmers with failure to protect their settlements from Native attacks; Nathaniel Bacon led rebellion based on resentment for large planters of raids and massacres of Native villages and burned Jamestown; suppressed after Bacon died of dysentery; 1) emphasized sharp class distinctions of wealthy and poor and 2) characterized colonial resistance to royal control

indentured servants

young people from England agreeing to work in the colonies for a specified period under contract with a master or landowner that pays for their passage

headright system

offered 50 acres of land to 1) each immigrant that paid for his own passage and 2) any plantation owner that paid for an immigrant's passage

slavery

first Africans arrived in 1619 and not initially held for life but in 1660s discriminatory laws were passed making slavery hereditary and for life

New England colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire; characterized by Puritanism and other religious sects

Rhode Island

founded by Roger Williams in 1644 (charter combined Providence and Portsmouth) as banished by Puritans due to his belief that the individual's conscience should be separate from control of authority; recognized rights of Natives and paid them for the use of their land and provided complete religious toleration

Anne Hutchinson

believed in antinomianism that faith alone is necessary for salvation and banished by the Puritans and founded Portsmouth

Connecticut

founded by Boston Puritans led by Reverend Thomas Hooker and as the combination of Hartford and New Haven in 1665; established representative government

New Hampshire

originally part of Massachusetts Bay separated by Charles II hoping to increase royal control in 1679

halfway covenant

new native born generation was less committed to religious faith and more interested in material success; halfway covenant allowed people to take part in church services without making formal declaration of belief in Christ

New England Confederation

formed in 1643 due to threat of attack by Natives, French, and Dutch as a military alliance between the New England colonies and had limited powers to act on boundary disputes, lasted until 1684 but established a precedent for colonies to take unified action toward a common purpose

King Phillip's War 1675-76

Metacomb (also, King Phillip), chief of Wampanoags, united tribes in southern New England against the English killing thousands on both sides and dozens of towns were burned, suppression virtually ended Native resistance in New England

The Carolinas

Charles II granted tract of land between VA and Spanish FL to 8 nobles in 1663 and eventually became the royal colonies of North and South Carolina in 1729

South Carolina

initially based on fur trading and providing food for the West Indies but by mid-18th century rice plantations resembled economy of sugarcane West Indies

North Carolina

settlers established self-sufficient tobacco farms with poor transportation but earned reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British rule

New York

Charles granted his brother the Duke of York (later James II) the charter to close the gap between New England and Chesapeake colonies on the Hudson River Valley and quickly took control of the region from the Dutch treating the Dutch with cultural freedom but insisted no representative assembly until 1683

New Jersey

James gave friends in 1664 this section of New York to be divided into East and West Jersey; promoted settlement through generous land offers, religious freedom, and an assembly; ownership was sold and bought repeatedly until becoming a royal colony in 1702

Pennsylvania

founded by William Penn for a Quaker haven in 1681, community believed in equality of the sexes, nonviolence, and resistance to military service; enacted liberal ideas with representative assembly, religious freedom, and unrestricted immigration and provided land terms

Delaware

1702 Penn granted lower counties of Pennsylvania their own assembly

Georgia

chartered in 1732 to James Oglethorpe as the last of the British colonies and the only to receive direct financial support from the home government; formed as a buffer state between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida and debtor's land to relieve overcrowded jails in London

mercantilism

trade, colonies, and accumulation of wealth as basis of a country's political strength; government should regulate trade and production to the point of self-sufficiency and colonies were to provide raw materials to the parent country

Navigation Acts 1650-1673

1) trade to and from colonies could only be carried by English or colonial made ships and crews 2) all goods imported to the colonies should pass through English ports first 3) specified goods from the colonies could be exported to England only, such as tobacco

Impact of Navigation Acts

Pros: 1) New England shipbuilding prospered 2) Chesapeake tobacco monopoly in England 3) English defended colonies from potential attacks of French/Spanish; Cons: 1) colonial manufacturing limited 2) Chesapeake low prices 3) colonist paid high for manufactured goods from England; overall had negative effects on political relations between the colonies and England

smuggling

due to resentment from the Navigation Acts(1651), colonists resisted by smuggling French and Dutch goods

Dominion of New England

James II attempted to increase royal control and combined New York, New Jersey, and various New England colonies into the Dominion in 1686; Governor Andros made himself instantly unpopular by levying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles' lasted until 1688

Glorious Revolution 1688

overthrowing of James II and replacing him with new sovereigns Mary and William

demand for slaves

1) reduced immigration from England's increase in wages 2) dependable work force as Bacon's Rebellion made plantation owners fearful of poor whites and slaves would provide stable force under complete control 3) cheap labor of inexpensive and unskilled hands on rice and indigo crops

slave laws

1641 MA recognize slavery of lawful captives, 1661 VA enact inheritance law if a child's mother was a slave, 1664 MD declared baptism have effect on slave status; became customary to denounce blacks as social inferiors

triangular trade

1) run from New England crosses Atlantic to West African Coast to be traded for captive Africans 2) through the Middle Passage, Africans would be traded to the West Indies for sugarcane 3) sugar would be shipped back to New England to be made into rum

population growth

caused by two factors: immigration of 1 mil and sharp natural increase by high birth rates

Germans

settled chiefly on farmlands west of Philadelphia in the Pennsylvania Dutch region and showed little interest in English politics, 6% by 1775

Scots-Irish

emigrated from northern Ireland where British government rule pressured them out of the country; settled along frontier in western Pennsylvania, Virginia, Carolinas, and Georgia, 7% by 1775

Africans

largest group coming into America due to forced shipment, 20% by 1775, 90% of which where in the South; discriminatory laws existed in every colony

colonial society

shared characteristics: 1) dominance of English culture mixed with incoming diversity of African and European 2) self government of representative assembly 3) religious toleration with varying degrees of freedom in the colonies 4) no hereditary aristocracy with economic based class system 5) social mobility with exception to African American slaves

Family Dynamic

men had near unlimited power in the home but women helped work on plantations creating mutual dependence giving women protection from abusive and an active role in decision making

New England economy

rocky soil and long winters= subsistence farming done by family members, industry of logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, and rum distilling

middle colonies economy

rich soil provided for production of wheat and corn to be exported to Europe and the West Indies, a variety of small manufacturing efforts developed including iron-making, trade led to the growth of cities

southern colonies economy

farming ranges from subsistence farms to 2000 acre plantations growing mainly cash crops of tobacco in the Chesapeake and North Carolina and rice and indigo in South Carolina and Georgia, Carolinas also exported timber and naval stores

monetary system

to limit colonial economy, England only allowed the use of hard currency of gold and silver to pay for the imports from England; paper money usually ended in inflation

transportation

trading centers like Boston and New York are located on the sites of rivers and harbors; lack of roads but still travel by horse and stage with taverns along the way

great awakening

early 18th century movement of upsurge of religious revivalism stressing emotionalism and weakened the rule of established churches as New Lights targeted Old Lights, evangelical sects gained followers, increased religious diversity, and called for a separation of church and state; one of the first experience common to forming an American identity

Johnathan Edwards

congregational church reverend of Massachusetts noted for series of sermons especially "Sinners"; if individuals expressed deep penitence they could be saved by God's grace

George Whitefield

came from England in 1739 and traveled around the colonies preaching in barns, tents, fields and stressed all-powerful nature of God that will save only those who openly professed belief in Jesus

Benjamin Franklin

author of Poor Richard's Almanack and publisher of the Philadelphia Gazette

Zenger case

John Peter Zenger, publisher of a New York newspaper, criticized the royal governor of New York which was against English law but the jury voted to acquit Zenger; encouraged newspapers to take greater risks in critics

voting

voting was restricted to white male property owners, some states include religious restrictions but still showed tendencies toward democracy and self-government, usual for nations at the time