NEW Prosody & Phonotactics flashcards

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on early speech development, addressing prosodic and phonotactic features, their implications for language acquisition, and development patterns.

What are prosodic cues in speech development?

Prosodic cues include phrasal stress, boundary cues, and meter.

What was the focus of Gerken & McGregor's 1998 study on prosody?

They studied aspects of phrasal stress, boundary cues, and meter.

How does phrasal stress affect communication?

It highlights a word in a phrase through longer duration, louder volume, and higher pitch.

What are boundary cues in prosody?

Pauses and changes in pitch and duration at the ends of words or phrases.

What is meter in speech?

The rhythm pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.

In the phrase 'He looked tired,' the stress on 'looked' highlights its importance. What is this an example of?

phrasal stress

How do children respond to prosodic features?

Children pay more attention to the beginnings and ends of sentences.

Pitch declines and syllable lengthening occur before pauses is an example of..

boundary cue behavior

What are the levels of prosodic hierarchy?

Utterance level, intonational phrase level, phonological phrase level, prosodic word level, foot level, syllable level.

What types of languages have syllable-timed or mora-timed characteristics?

Languages like Persian and Japanese show these timing patterns.

What is lexical stress?

The emphasis placed on certain syllables within words.

How is primary stress denoted in syllables?

Primary stress is marked with ˈ before the stressed syllable.

What is weak syllable deletion?

It refers to young children's tendency to omit weak syllables.

What do infants prefer in speech sounds?

Infants prefer infant-directed speech and their mother’s language.

What is 'prosodic bootstrapping'?

The process where infants use prosodic boundaries to segment speech.

What challenges do children with ASD commonly face?

They face difficulties with intonation and may have exaggerated or monotone speech.

What is CAS in speech development?

Childhood Apraxia of Speech, characterized by difficulty with speech sound sequencing.

How can multisensory approaches aid speech intervention?

Using rhythm practice like clapping and movement helps teach prosody.

What defines phonotactics?

Phonotactics involve the rules for permissible sound combinations in a language.

What is the nucleus in a syllable?

The nucleus is usually a vowel or syllabic consonant and must be present in every syllable.

What does an onset represent in syllable structure?

An onset is the initial consonant(s) in a syllable.

What are consonant clusters in onsets?

Consonant clusters are two or more consonants grouped together at the syllable's start.

How many consonants can be in a coda?

Coda can have singletons or clusters of consonants at the syllable's end.

What strategies do children use for cluster development?

Children might use omission, epenthesis, or coalescence for solving cluster difficulties.

What is the maximal onset principle?

It is a preference for syllables to begin with consonants.

Why are phonotactic rules important in language development?

They affect intelligibility and can indicate speech sound disorders.

How do children learn syllable shapes in language?

Children begin with open syllables and gradually incorporate clusters.

What is phonotactic probability?

It refers to the likelihood that a sound sequence will occur in a given language.

What does neighborhood density refer to in phonology?

Neighborhood density is the number of minimal pairs in a child's vocabulary.

What do children with speech sound disorders need in terms of phonotactic learning?

They benefit from low neighborhood density and phonotactic probability.

What are typical early syllable shapes for children learning English?

Early shapes consist of open syllables and trochaic patterns.

What simplification methods do young children use for syllables?

Methods include omission, harmony, and cluster reductions.

What is consonant-vowel assimilation in syllable development?

It is the tendency for consonants and vowels within a syllable to agree in articulation.

What happens during cluster development regarding sonority?

Children respect sonority in their adaptations of complex clusters.

What is the expected syllable shape for a child by 24-30 months of age?

CVC syllables without harmony are expected by this age.

What historical allophone changes might you find in children’s speech?

Children might demonstrate substitutions or simplifications in vowel or consonant sounds.

What methods can be used to analyze a child's speech?

One can conduct a SODA analysis to assess typicality in speech patterns.

How do adults assess phonotactic patterns in children?

Assessments are made regarding consonant clusters and their typical development stages.