World History Semester 2 FINAL EXAM

Triple Alliance

A military alliances between Gernany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years preceeding World War I

Triple Entente

A military alliance between G.B., France and Russia in the years preceding World War I

League of Nations

An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Central Powers

In World War I, the Nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary along with the other nations that fought on their side

Allies

The nations of G.B., France and Russia, along with the other nations that fought on their side

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to war effort

Stalemate

A situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement is possible

Rationing

The limiting of the amount of goods people can buy—often imposed by government during wartime, when goods are in short supply

Propaganda

Information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponents cause

Self-determination

The freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live

Treaty of Versailles

The peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied Powers of World War I

Trench Warfare

A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield

Armistice

An agreement to stop fighting

Fascism/Nazism

A political movement that promotes an extreme form of nationalism, a denial of individual rights, and a dictatorial one-party rule

Nazism

The fascist policies of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, based on totalitarianism; a belief in racial superiority, and state control of industry

New Deal

U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt economic reform program designed to solve the problem created by the Great Depression

Totalitarianism

Government control over every aspect of public and private life

Command Economy

An economic system in which the government makes all economic decisions

Lebensraum

"Living Space", the additional territory that, according to Adolf Hitler, Germany needed because it was over crowded

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle"; a book written by Adolf Hitler during his imprisonment in 1923-1924, in which he set fourth his beliefs and his goals for Germany

Weimar Republic

The republic that was established in Germany in 1919 and ended in 1933

Bolsheviks

A group of revolutionary Russian Marxis who took control of Russia's government in Nov. 1917

Communist Party

A political party practicing the ideas of Karl Marx and Lenin; originally the Russian Bolsheviks Party

Soviet

One of the local representatives councils formed in Russia after the downfall of Czar Nicholas II

Proletariat

In Marxist theory, the group of workers, who would over-throw the czar and come to rule Russia

Third Reich

The third German empire, established by Adolf Hitler in the 1930s

Appeasement

The making of concessions to an aggressor in order to avoid war

Axis Power

In World War II, the Nations of Germany, Italy and Japan, which had formed an alliance in 1936

Munich Conference

A 1938 meeting of representatives from Britain, France, Italy and Germany, at which Britain and France agreed to allow Nazi Germans to annex part of Czechoslovakia in return for Adolf Hitler's pledge to respect Czechoslovakia's borders

Non-aggression Pact

An agreement in which nations, promise not to attack one another

Aryan

To the Nazis, the Germanic peoples who formed a "master race"

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting War"; a form of warfare in which surprise attacks which fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces

D-day

June 6, 1944; The day on which the allies began their invasion of European mainland during World War II

Final Solution

Hitlers program of systematically killing the entire Jewish people

Ghetto

City neighborhoods in which European Jews were forced to live

Holocaust

A mass slaughter of Jews and other citizens, carried out by the Nazi government of Germany became during a World War II

Kamikaze

During World War II, Japanese suicide pilots trained to sink Allies ships by chasing bomb-filled planes into them

Kristallnaucht

"Night of Broken Glass; the night of Nov. 9, 1938, on which Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues throughout Germany

Brinkmanship

A policy of threatening to go to war in response to any Enemy Aggression

Cold War

State of diplomatic hostility between the U.S, and the Soviet Union in the decades after World War II

Containment

American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world

Cultural Revolution

An uprising in China led by Red guards with the goal of establishing a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal

Détente

Policy of lessening Cold War tensions by U.S. from President Nixon

Domino Theory

If one country falls to communism all countries would fall to communism

Iron Curtain

Division between communist Eastern and democratic Western Europe during the Cold War

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; a defensive alliance formed by 10 Western European nations, the U.S. and Canada

Red Guards

Milita units formed by young Chinese people in response to Mao Zedong's call for a social and Cultural Revolution

Third World

Developing nations not allied with the U.S or Soviet Union

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy of giving economic and military aid to free nations threatened by internal or external opponents

Vietcong

Group of communist guerrillas, with the help of North Vietnam, who fought against the South Vietnamese government in the Vietnam War

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance formed by the Soviet Union and 7 Eastern European countries

M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI

Militarism- A belief that a country should have a strong military. Military is glorified
Alliances- A union formed for mutual benefit between two countries
Imperialism- Extending a countries power and influence
Nationalism- People with a shared culture merge into a new country; culturally diverse groups in a country attempt to break away. Also a group forming a new state and adopt a single culture

Entente

A friendly understanding or informal agreement to follow common policies

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

An archduke and an heir to the Austria-Hungary throne. Was assassinated by nationalist

Shell Shock

(PTSD) Post Traumatic Stress Disorder

Trench Foot

Foot rotting due to wet conditions in trenches

Over the Top

When soldiers are ordered out of the trenches to charge the enemy

Schlieffen Plan

The goal to quickly defeat France in order to avoid a two front war

Treaty of Versailles: What did it do for Germany?

Punished them. They lost...
-substantial territory
-was restricted on military operations
-"War Guilt" Clause
-African and Pacific territory was taken away

Zimmerman Note

Germany sent a coded message to Mexico; wanting to help Mexico "reconquer" Texas and New Mexico from the U.S. Mexico said "no" and U.S. found out and was the last straw for the U.S.

T.E. Lawrence

Lawerence of Arabia—was helped by British to aid in revolt against the Ottoman Empire

Blank Check

A pledge of unconditional support for whatever Austria decides to do. Germany gave one to Austria

"No Man's Land"

Area between trenches where it is very dangerous. Nothing can survive

Western Front

In World War I, the region along the German-Russian border where Russians and Serbs battles Germans, Austrians and Turks

Gallipdi Campaign

Allies attempt to take back the Dardanelles. Conquered Constaniople and got the Ottoman Empire to surrender. Became a bloody stalemate, and then the Allies gave up and retreated

14 Points

Wilson's plan fo achieve just and lasting peace between the nations

Lusitania

In May 1915, the Russians used their U-boat to sink this British Ship. Suspected of carrying ammunition, 128 U.S. citizens were killed and it outraged American public. Germany agreed to give warning before sinking a ship

Woodrow Wilson

Representative of U.S. at the conference of the allies; came up with 14 points in a peace plan

Camilo di Cavour

Prime minister of Pediment. Sarnia under King Emmanuel II. Grained control of Northern Italy through alliances. Fought Austria with the help of France

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Led an army of Italian nationalists known as Italy. Conquered Southern Italy. Was secretly helped by Cavour

Otto van Bismarck

Prussian Prime Minister, purposefully stirred up border conflicts. Goal was to win more territory for Germany

Poison Gas

Used to blind/disable and kill an enemy

Zeppelins

A large German blimp/airship used to drop bombs. Cylinder shape

Russian Revolution

Revolution in Russia. Also called October Revolution, that overthrew the czar and brought Bolsheviks, a communist party led by Lenin, to power

Russian Tsars

Nicholas I, Alexander II, Alexander III and Nicholas II

Nicholas I

Wouldn't allow a constitution, absolute monarch of Russia, put down revolutions, no political rights for people. Put monarchs down in other counties. Called "the cop who kept Europe Safe from Monarchy". Died of Pneumonia

Alexander II

Abolished corporal punishment, signed aminapation manifestos, set peasants free but they were power poorer than ever, called Tsar Liberator, was blown up by Sofia, while trying to help people

Alexander III

Rejected Sheriff power, Wanted to industrialize. Didn't want to share power. Shot down constitution process. Was not liked, political repression

Nicholas II

Married shy German girl. Wouldn't allow peace with Japan, gave basic rights, bad ruler, thought he had divine right, was shot

Rasputin

Man of God, Unwashed, animal, the royal family retired on him to heal Alexis (heir to the throne)

Vladimir Lenin

Led the extremists called the Bolsheviks, died of a stroke. Said "Peace, Land Bread"

Joseph Stalin

Competes Trotsky for power after Lenin died. Place supporters in position of power and for full control of communist party

Sun Yat-Sen

Founder of the Kuomintang

Mao Zedong

In 1921 he helped found the communist party

Leon Trotsky

Led the red army

Bloody Sunday

Proliteriat outside winter palace, petition for working conditions and freedom. Soldiers open fired on crowd. Killed 100s. Nicholas II created a Duma that was later dissolved

March Revolution

Food shortages riots. Soldiers refused orders, Nicholas II forced to abdicate. Provisional set up. Led by Alexander Kerensky. Decided to continue in the war—Big Mistake

Bolsheviks Revolution

The Bolsheviks stormed the Duma and arrested the leaders of the provisional government

USSR (What does it stand for?)

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

5 year plan

One of many plants to develop Russians economy. Set up impossibly high quotas, or numerical goals to increase output of steel, coal, oil and electricity

Kuomintang

Nationalist party in China, wanted to modernize China

Long March

Jiang surrounds communist base with an army of 100,000. Mao and men fled 6,000 mile journey. People died of hunger and wounds. Settled in caused in northwestern China. Escape saved the communist party

Dawes Plan

$20 million loan from the U.S. lowered reparation payments. Slowed inflation. Attracted foreign investment. Improved Germany's economy

Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact

Countries promised to renounce the war, good start but can't be enforced. Treaty signed to not make war against each other. Germany then allowed to join the League of Nations

Inflation

The increasing of prices and the fall in the value of money

Harlem Renaissance

African American cultural movement of the 1920s, celebrating black traditions and ways of life. Centered in NYC neighborhood, Harlem. Music, painting, dance, theatre and literature

What was the last imperial Dynasty to rule China?

Qing Dynasty, was overthrown by the Kuomintang in 1911

Sun Yixian

Second leader of the Kuomintang

Bentio Mussolini

Dictator of Italy (Il Duce), fascist party. Promised to revive economy and restore glory of a Roman Empire. Invaded Ethiopia and Albania