final review

chapters 6, 7, 10, and 12

frieze

decorative horizontal band, found between columns and roofline in ancient greek architecture

hinduism

indian pantheistic religion that celebrates sexual love

imago mundi

ancient babylonian world map, “image of the world”

labret

dogon mouth ornament

mesopotamia

ancient region between euphrates and tigris rivers

neolithic

the later part of the stone age → emergence of stone tools

odalisque

turkish harem member

primordial couple

the mother and father of humankind

shunga print

literally "spring pictures”, mainly erotic

ta’unga

priests from polynesian cook islands

trompe l’oeil

literally “fool the eye”, an optical illusion

ukiyo-e

japanese woodblock carving, “ukiyo” means “floating world”

abbot suger

french abbot, responsible for gothic architecture

animism

the belief that all natural forces are inhabited by spirits

avatar

hindu manifestations of one supreme being

assyrians

mesopotamian empire, near modern-day iraq

bodhisattva

beings who have reached buddhahood but choose to stay on earth to help others

brahman

the hindu god/spirit, all other gods/goddesses are avatars and not separate beings

buddha

siddhartha gautama, indian prince who supposedly achieved enlightenment

chatras

umbrellas on top of the great stupa that symbolize the unity of earth and heaven(s)

Christianity

teaches about Holy Trinity, Jesus is the most commonly depicted of the three with images from His birth and death/resurrection very common

doric

type of column with a simple capital, no base, and fluted shaft (most basic)

feng shui

wind and water, governs much of chinese architecture/siting because of its use of geometry and direction

gothic

style of cathedral funded by/built in cities, features lots of flying buttresses, pointed arches, and rib vaults

hinduism

pantheistic religion that, like buddhism, believes in reincarnation and nirvana

islam

images of allah forbidden, much muslim art is geometric

judaism

foundation of Christianity and islam, followers believe they are specially chosen by YHWH, does not allow worship of images

kachina

spirits of dead ancestors that are said to live in hopi communities during winter and spring. kachina performers carve dolls to represent different kachinas and use as fertility symbols

kami

shinto nature gods that dwell in forests and rocks, represent growth and renewal

mandala

a diagram that geometrically represents the relationships between everything in the universe, seen in hindu and buddhist art

masjid

prostration → collective muslim prayer services required for men

mihrab

a niche in a wall facing mecca

minbar

steeped pulpit often found near mihrab

minoan

civilization on crete that existed around 2000-1200 bc, polytheistic

monotheism

belief in a single god

mosque

muslim place of worship

mukarnas

vaults above door in islamic architecture

oculus

eye of a dome, such as in pantheon

panathenaic festival

very important festival in athens that honored athena

pantheism

the idea that a divine spirit pervades everything in the universe

pilgrimage

religious journey to a sacred place where believers hope to be blessed or grow in their faith

polytheism

belief in multiple gods

pylon

mountainlike structures that act as barriers and show entrance to a building

retablo

votive paintings, often used by mexican believers in religious shrines

sanskrit

indo-euro language from india, hindu scriptures and many ancient poems are written in sanskrit

stupa

a sign of buddha/sakyamuni’s death and attainment of nirvana, a monument or mound tomb

tablero

inset platforms (teotihuacáno)

talud

alternating slopes in mesoamerican architecture

torana

gates located at the cardinal points of the great stupa

abstract expressionism

relies on automatism, peaked in the 50s as a response to realism

apartheid

south african system of legal segregation

automatism

process in surrealism that incorporates spontaneity and the accidental

caricatures

extreme exaggeration of a person’s appearance or characteristics

dreamtime symbols

symbols of traditional aboriginal belief/culture

french revolution

the overthrowing of french monarchy, 1789-94, ended with napoleon’s rise to power

glyphs

icons or markings with specific meanings

protestant reformation

split of the protestant church from the catholic church, led by martin luther in 1500s

photomontage

process in which news photos are combined and manipulated with drawing

status quo

the existing state of affairs, often unchallenged

surrealism

bizarre, often dreamlike imagery

clan

class

cubism

darwin

fauvism

genre painting

harlem renaissance

indigenous people

neoclassicism

pointillism

rococo

samurai

ukiyo-e