Histology and Cell Biology Test 1 Review

Comprehensive vocabulary review of Unit 1 (The Cell) and Unit 2 (Basic Tissues) including organelles, cell life cycle, and tissue classifications based on lecture transcripts.

Histology

The study of tissues and their structures.

Pinocytosis

A process described as "cell drinking" involving the uptake of fluids.

Phagocytosis

A process described as "cell eating" involving the uptake of solid materials.

Exocytosis

The expulsion of materials out of the cell by fusing a vesicle membrane with the cell membrane.

Endocytosis

The uptake of materials into the cell, which includes both pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

Nucleus

An organelle containing the nucleolus, chromatin, nucleoplasm, nuclear envelope, and nuclear pores.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The "highway system" of the cell, divided into Rough ER and Smooth ER types.

Ribosomes

Organelles known as "protein factories" responsible for protein synthesis.

Golgi Apparatus

The "processing and packaging center" of the cell.

Mitochondria

The "powerhouse" of the cell responsible for producing $ATP$.

Lysosome

The "sewer system" of the cell, which is created by the Golgi Apparatus.

Microfilaments

Delicate, threadlike structures arranged in a meshwork that cause various kinds of cellular movement.

Microtubules

Thick, stiff structures that form the cell's internal skeleton and maintain its shape; includes cilia, flagella, centrioles, and mitotic spindle.

Intermediate filaments

Thicker threadlike microscopic structures involved with intercellular junctions and mitosis.

Inclusions

Cellular structures that store lipids and melanin pigmentation.

Tight junction

A bond that fuses cell membranes together to create a "water-TIGHT" seal.

Gap junction

Tubular channels between cells that allow for communication or transport.

Desmosomes

Intercellular junctions that attach adjacent cells to each other.

Hemidesmosomes

Intercellular junctions that attach cells to the basement membrane.

Interphase

The life cycle stage where DNA is replicated and the cell grows; consists of $G_1$, $S$, and $G_2$ phases.

Mitosis

The process of cell division consisting of Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

Meiosis

A process that occurs during the maturation of sex cells.

Tissues

A grouping of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that forms protective coverings, lines external and internal body surfaces, and functions in secretion and sensory tasks.

Connective Tissue

Tissue that provides support for softer body parts, binds structures together, and contains cells separated by a matrix.

Simple Epithelium

Epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells.

Stratified Epithelium

Epithelium consisting of two or more layers of cells.

Squamous cells

Epithelial cells that are flat in shape.

Cuboidal cells

Epithelial cells that are cube-like in shape.

Columnar cells

Epithelial cells that are rectangular in shape.

Transitional Epithelium

Epithelium where the shape of surface cells changes depending on the degree of stretch; found in the urinary bladder.

Keratin

A dead layer with no nucleus used for protection.

Basement membrane

A thin, acellular structure between epithelium and connective tissue consisting of the Lamina Lucida, Lamina Densa, and Reticular Lamina.

Basal Lamina

The combination of the Lamina Lucida and Lamina Densa within the basement membrane.

Adipose CT

Connective tissue that stores fat and acts as a protective cushion and heat insulator.

Perichondrium

A fibrous connective tissue sheath containing blood vessels that surrounds cartilage.

Chondroblasts

Cells of the cartilage that produce the matrix.

Chondrocytes

Cells of the cartilage that maintain the matrix; found within lacunae.

Osteoblasts

Bone-building cells.

Osteocytes

Bone-maintaining cells located in their own sites (lacunae) in the bone.

Osteoclasts

Bone-crushing cells.

Intramembranous Ossification

The formation of osteoid within two dense connective tissue sheets via appositional growth.

Endochondral Ossification

The formation of osteoid within a hyaline cartilage starting with interstitial growth followed by appositional growth.

Skeletal Muscle

Striated, voluntary muscle attached to bone and controlled by conscious effort.

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow internal organs and glands.

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle found only in the heart with cells joined by intercalated discs.

Dendrite

The part of a neuron that carries impulses to the cell body.

Axon

The part of a neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body.