Anatomy Lab Exam 1

First level of organization

atom

Second level of organization

molecule

Third level of organization

macromolecule

Fourth level of organization

cell

Fifth level of organization

tissue

Sixth level of organization

organ

Seventh level of organization

organ system

Eighth level of organization

organism

Subatomic particles

protons, neutrons, and electrons

What is an atom?

tiny particle that make up elements (hydrogen, carbon)

What is a molecule

particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)

What is a macromolecule?

large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, protein)

Integumentary function

protection

Skeletal function

structure/protection

Muscular function

movement

Nervous function

control center, processing

Endocrine function

hormones

Digestive function

break down food, nutrients

Respiratory function

breathing, speech

Urinary function

liquid waste

Cardiovascular function

transport blood

Lymphatic function

immune response, recycle fluid from blood

Reproductive function

making offspring/carrying

Support & Movement

skeletal & muscular

Responsiveness

nervous & endocrine

Transportation

cardiovascular & lymphatic

Absorption & Excretion

digestive, urinary, respiratory, integumentary

Growth

reproductive & endocrine

Requirements of life

water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure, maintenance of boundaries, metabolism, homeostasis

What requirement of life is the most abundant substance in the body?

water

What requirement of life is nutrients ingested from our diet used by our cells?

food

What requirement of life is used by our cells to produce energy?

oxygen

What requirement of life helps maintain body temp?

heat

What requirement of life is the atmospheric pressure from the environment?

pressure

What requirement of life is separating internal & external environments and fluid compartments?

maintenance of boundaries

What requirement of life Is all the chemical reactions that sustain the body?

metabolism

What requirement of life is minting a relatively constant internal environment for optimal operations

homeostasis

Receptor

detect & provides information about stimuli

Control Center

decision-maker that maintains the set point (brain)

Effector

muscle or gland that responds to the control center & causes the necessary change in the internal environment

Negative Feedback Loop

common, moves in opposite direction, decrease change

Example of Negative Feedback Loop

body temperature, blood pressure, blood glucose level

Positive Feedback Loop

rarer, increase change, amplify

Example of Positive Feedback Loop

blood clotting, uterine contraction of childbirth

Major Elements of the Human Body

oxygen (O), carbon (c,), hydrogen (h), nitrogen (n)

Chemical bonds

hydrogen, ionic, covalent

What is a covalent bond?

chemical bonds created by sharing electrons between atoms (strongest)

What is an Ionic bond?

chemical bond between atoms formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another atom (2nd strongest)

What is a cation?

ion with a positive charge due to losing electrons

What is an anion

ion with a negative charge due to gaining electrons

What is a hydrogen bond?

links an already covalently bonded hydrogen atom to an electronegative atom (weakest)

What is a Catabolic Reaction?

the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones to provide energy

Example of a Catabolic Reaction?

the breakdown of proteins into amino acids (AB to A+B)

What is an Anabolic Reaction?

the production of larger molecules from smaller ones

Example of an Anabolic Reaction

the production of glycogen from glucose (A+B to AB)

What is a Catalyst?

speed up the rate of reactions

What Is the PH Scale?

relative concentration of H+ in various body fluids

Acidic

More H+

More basic/alkaline

OH-

The 4 types of Macromolecules

carbs, lipids, protein, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates are polar or non-polar?

polar & hydrophilic

The 3 major groups of Carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Examples of Monosaccharides

simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, ribose)

Examples of Disaccharides

bond 2 monosaccharides (lactose, sucrose, maltose)

Examples of Polysaccharides

numerous monosaccharides (glycogen, starch, cellulose)

Lipids

carbons & hydrogen atoms linked with non polar/hydrophobic

3 Types of Lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

What are triglycerides?

fats & oils (used as secondary source of energy)

Phospholipids have

polar & non polar ends (amphipathic)

Steroids

4 fused carbon rings (cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen, cortisol)

Proteins

composed of chains of amino acids

Examples of Nucleic Acids

DNA, RNA

Nucleic acids are

long chains of nucleotides

DNA is composed of

deoxyribose (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

RNA is composed of

ribose (adenine uracil, guanine, cytosine)

Nucleotides contain three parts

5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogeous base

Nitrogenous Base Examples

Guanine & Cytosine

Bio-Molecules fall into 4 major classes

nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

Glucose & Fructose combine to form

sucrose

What is the plasma membrane (cell membrane) made of

phospholipids

Integral proteins

serve as channels, carriers, receptors

Peripheral proteins

one side of membrane; anchoring site for cytoskeletal elements

Passive Transport

no ATP required

Active Transport

ATP required

Diffusion

matter wants to move from areas of high concentration to low concentration

Simple Diffusion

permeable, small, & non-polar, no protein transporter

Facilitated Diffusion

non permeable, larger, polar, use protein transporter

Hypotonic

smaller concentration than the inside of the cell

Hypertonic

larger concentration than the inside of the cell

What is osmosis

the diffusion of water across a water membrane (move in & out of the cell)

What is filtration

pressure high to low

Vesicular Transport

may be used to migrate materials into/out of the cell

Endocytosis

movement extracellular fluid/ large particles into the cell

Pinocytosis

movement of liquid

Phagocytosis

movement of solid particles

Exocytosis

release of substances out of the cell

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

movement of specific substances identified by receptors proteins on the membrane

Microvilli

short membrane extensions that create folds to increase surface area for absorption

Cilia

microtubules attached to the cell membrane that move in wave-like pattern to migrate material across the surface of the cell

Flagella

microtubules joined to create one long whip like tail (found in sperm cells)