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Transport proteins
Proteins that may or may not use ATP to move chemicals in or out of the cell.
Signal transduction pathway
The process of using signaling molecules to carry messages to target cells, involving receptors and chemical signaling in the cytoplasm.
Extracellular matrix
The substance that surrounds cells and provides structural support.
Cytoplasm
The fluid inside a cell where various cellular processes occur.
Intercellular junctions
Structures that connect neighboring cells and allow for communication and coordination.
Cell-cell recognition
The process by which cells identify each other using glycoproteins.
Enzymatic activity
The presence of enzymes in the cell membrane that facilitate chemical reactions.
Kinetic molecular energy (KME)
The energy that causes molecules to move.
Transport proteins
Proteins that facilitate the movement of chemicals in or out of the cell.
Passive transport
The movement of molecules without the use of energy.
Active transport
The movement of molecules using energy, typically ATP.
Uniporters
Transport proteins that move chemicals in one direction.
Symporters
Transport proteins that move two different chemicals in the same direction.
Antiporters
Transport proteins that move different chemicals in opposite directions.
Diffusion
The movement of substances from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Osmosis
The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Isotonic
A solution with a similar concentration of solutes as the surrounding environment.
Hypotonic
A solution with a lower concentration of solutes than the surrounding environment.
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes than the surrounding environment.
Facilitated diffusion
The movement of solutes with the help of transport proteins.
Channel proteins
Proteins that create openings or tunnels for specific solutes to pass through.
Carrier proteins
Proteins that change shape to carry specific solutes across the cell membrane.
Active transport
The movement of solutes against their concentration gradient, requiring ATP.
Primary active transport
The use of ATP by a pump to move chemicals against their concentration gradient.
Secondary active transport
The movement of chemicals against their concentration gradient using the energy created by primary active transport.
Sodium-potassium pump
A specific example of active transport that moves sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane.
Bulk transport
The movement of large-size chemicals or large quantities of chemicals across the cell membrane using vesicles.
Exocytosis
The process of releasing chemicals out of the cell using secretory vesicles.
Endocytosis
The process of bringing chemicals into the cell using vesicles.
Phagocytosis
A form of endocytosis that brings in large-sized substances into the cell.
Pinocytosis
A form of endocytosis that brings in large quantities of solutes into the cell.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
A form of endocytosis triggered by the binding of a specific molecule to a receptor on the cell membrane.
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