ch16 final exam - lifespan development

What is the constructivist approach in education?

Learners actively construct knowledge through experience and interaction.

What is the direct instruction approach in education?

Teacher-centered method focused on structured learning and instruction.

What are advantages of developmentally appropriate practices (DAP)?

Reduced anxiety, higher motivation and creativity, better habits, and stronger academic outcomes.

Why can economic disadvantage lead to educational disadvantage?

Early life stress, poor school readiness, harmful tracking, and under-resourced schools.

What is the purpose of Project Head Start and similar programs?

To improve cognitive, language, social, and physical development in children from disadvantaged backgrounds.

What are benefits of Head Start programs?

Improved development, better school readiness, and higher graduation rates.

What are characteristics of autism spectrum disorders (ASD)?

Impaired social interaction, communication difficulties, and restricted/repetitive behaviors.

What distinguishes Asperger’s Syndrome (high-functioning autism)?

Social challenges without significant language delay or intellectual disability.

What are the three criteria for identifying a learning disability?

Normal IQ (70+), difficulty in specific academic areas, and no severe emotional/neurological issues.

What are common types of learning disabilities?

Dyslexia (reading), Dysgraphia (writing), Dyscalculia (math).

What is ADHD and how is it diagnosed?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

What contributes to ADHD?

Delayed brain development, genetics, prenatal exposure to teratogens, and brain injury.

How is ADHD treated?

Stimulant medications and behavioral management strategies.

What changes occur during elementary school years?

Cognitive, emotional, and social development.

What are features of a child-centered kindergarten?

Focus on the whole child—cognitive, social, and physical growth through play and hands-on learning.

What challenges occur during middle and high school transitions?

Stress from physical, emotional, and social changes; "top dog" phenomenon.

What are pros and cons of transitioning to college?

Pros: autonomy, identity growth, social/intellectual opportunities.
Cons: stress, mental health challenges, academic pressure.

What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation?

Extrinsic is driven by rewards/outcomes; intrinsic is driven by interest or enjoyment of the task itself.

What is a mastery orientation?

Focus on learning and improving skills regardless of performance.

What is a performance orientation?

Focus on demonstrating ability and getting good grades.

What is a helpless orientation?

Attributing failure to internal, unchangeable factors; leads to giving up and devaluing effort.

What is a "mindset" according to Carol Dweck?

A belief about intelligence—either fixed (unchangeable) or growth (can develop with effort).

Benefits of a growth mindset?

Supports academic achievement, counters stereotype threat, and builds resilience.

How do race and ethnicity affect achievement in the U.S.?

Differences often reflect underlying economic disparities rather than ability.

How does U.S. student performance in math/science compare internationally?

U.S. students rank lower due to fewer school days, less time on core subjects, and lower parental expectations.

How does mindset relate to international achievement gaps?

U.S. students and parents often hold fixed mindsets, while other countries promote growth-oriented beliefs.