Small Animal Anatomy Exam 1 Trends

Innervations, Arterial Supplies, Muscle Actions

Primary Hip Extensors (Hint: "Big Super Secret Glutes And Hamstrings")

Biceps femoris,
Semitendinosus,
Semimembranosus,
Middle gluteal,
Deep gluteal,
Superficial gluteal,
Quadratus femoris,
Adductor,
Gracilis.

Primary Hip Flexors (Hint: "IRST")

Iliopsoas,
Rectus femoris,
Sartorius,
Tensor fasciae latae.

Primary Stifle Extensors (Hint: "QUAD-ST" - Quads Extend Stifle)

Quadriceps femoris (Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis),
Sartorius (cranial part),
Tensor fasciae latae,
Biceps femoris (cranial part).

Primary Stifle Flexors (Hint: "SSSGGB")

Semitendinosus,
Sartorius (caudal part),
Superficial digital flexor,
Gracilis,
Gastrocnemius,
Biceps femoris (caudal part).

Primary Tarsal Extensors (Hint: "5 Common Calcaneal Contributors + DDF")

Gastrocnemius,
Superficial digital flexor,
Biceps femoris,
Semitendinosus,
Gracilis (all contributing to the common calcaneal tendon)
+ Deep digital flexor.

Primary Tarsal Flexors (Hint: "C-L-F" - Can't Lift Foot)

Cranial tibial muscle
Long digital extensor muscle
Fibularis longus muscle.

Primary Limb Adductors (Hint: "GAP" )

Gracilis, Adductor, Pectineus

Primary Limb Abductors (Hint: "3 Glutes Out")

Superficial gluteal, Middle gluteal, Deep gluteal.

Pelvic Limb Lateral Rotators (Hint: "OOG! QP!

Internal obturator,
External obturator,
Gemelli,
Quadratus femoris,
Piriformis.

Pelvic Limb Medial Rotators (Hint: "M-D-P" - Medial Deep Turners)

Middle gluteal,
Deep gluteal (rotate pelvic limb medially);
Popliteus (rotates leg/crus medially).

Digital Extensor?

Long digital extensor muscle.

Digital Flexors?

Superficial digital flexor muscle, Deep digital flexor muscle (lateral and medial heads)

What is innervated by the Femoral Nerve? (Hint: Cranial Thigh / Extends Stifle)

Quadriceps femoris (Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis), Sartorius, and Iliopsoas.

What is innervated by the Obturator Nerve? (Hint: PAGE - Medial Adductors)

Pectineus, Adductor, Gracilis, and External obturator.

What is innervated by the Sciatic Nerve? (Hint: Deep Hip Rotators & Hamstrings)

Internal obturator, Gemelli, Quadratus femoris, Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, and Semimembranosus.

What is innervated by the Cranial Gluteal Nerve? (Hint: Top/Front Hip Abductors)

Middle gluteal, Deep gluteal, and Tensor fasciae latae.

What is innervated by the Caudal Gluteal Nerve? (Hint: Most Superficial Glute)

Superficial gluteal muscle.

What is innervated by the Tibial Nerve? (Hint: Caudal Crus / Tarsal Extensors & Digital Flexors)

Gastrocnemius, Superficial digital flexor, Deep digital flexor, and Popliteus.

What is innervated by the Common Fibular Nerve? (Hint: Craniolateral Crus / Tarsal Flexors & Digital Extensors)

Cranial tibial muscle, Long digital extensor, and Fibularis longus.

What is innervated by the Axillary Nerve? (Hint: Shoulder flexors)

Deltoideus (spinous and acromial heads), Teres major, and Teres minor

What is innervated by the Suprascapular Nerve? (Hint: Supraspinous & Infraspinous fossae)

Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus

What is innervated by the Subscapular Nerve? (Hint: Subscapular fossa)

Subscapularis

What is innervated by the Musculocutaneous Nerve? (Hint: Flexors of elbow & coracoid area)

Biceps brachii, Brachialis, and Coracobrachialis

What is innervated by the Radial Nerve? (Hint: Extensors of elbow, carpus, and digits)

Triceps brachii (all heads), Anconeus, Tensor fasciae antebrachii, Extensor carpi radialis, Common digital extensor, Lateral digital extensor, Ulnaris lateralis, Supinator, Abductor digiti I longus, and Pronator teres

What is innervated by the Median Nerve? (Hint: Palmar flexors & pronators)

Flexor carpi radialis, Superficial digital flexor, Deep digital flexor (humeral and radial heads), Pronator quadratus, and Interossei

What is innervated by the Ulnar Nerve? (Hint: Ulnar side flexors)

Flexor carpi ulnaris (ulnar and humeral heads) and Deep digital flexor (ulnar head)

What is innervated by the Thoracodorsal Nerve (C7, C8, T1)? (Hint: Broadest back muscle)

Latissimus dorsi

What is innervated by the Cranial Pectoral Nerves (C7, C8)? (Hint: Chest adductor)

Superficial pectoral (descending and transverse)

What is innervated by the Caudal Pectoral Nerves (C8, T1)? (Hint: Deep chest muscle)

Deep pectoral

What is innervated by the Accessory Nerve? (Hint: Neck/Shoulder extrinsic muscles)

Brachiocephalicus, Sternocephalicus, Omotransversarius, and Trapezius

What is innervated by the Lateral Thoracic Nerve? (Hint: Skin twitching)

Cutaneous trunci

Innervation and arterial supply of Extrinsic Forelimb Extensors/Advancers (Brachiocephalicus, Omotransversarius)?

Innervation: Accessory nerve & ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves; Artery: Superficial cervical artery

Innervation and arterial supply of Pectoral Muscles (Superficial & Deep Pectoral)?

Innervation: Cranial pectoral nerves (C7, C8) & Caudal pectoral nerves (C8, T1); Artery: External thoracic artery (superficial) & Lateral thoracic artery (deep)

Innervation and arterial supply of Shoulder Flexors (Deltoideus, Teres major, Teres minor)?

Innervation: Axillary nerve; Artery: Subscapular artery (plus Caudal circumflex humeral for Deltoideus/Teres minor, Thoracodorsal for Teres major)

Innervation and arterial supply of Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus?

Innervation: Suprascapular nerve;

Artery: Superficial cervical artery (plus Caudal circumflex humeral for Infraspinatus)

Innervation and arterial supply of Elbow Extensors (Triceps brachii, Anconeus, Tensor fasciae antebrachii)?

Innervation: Radial nerve;

Artery: Collateral ulnar artery & Caudal circumflex humeral artery

What is the common nerve between Biceps brachii, Brachialis, and Coracobrachialis?

Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve;

Innervation/arterial supply of Extensor carpi radialis, Common digital extensor, Lateral digital extensor, Ulnaris lateralis, Supinator, Abductor digiti I longus?

Innervation: Radial nerve;

Artery: Cranial interosseous artery

Innervation/arterial supply of Flexor carpi radialis, Superficial digital flexor, Pronator quadratus, Interossei?

Innervation: Median nerve;

Artery: Deep antebrachial artery (Cranial interosseous a. for Interossei, Caudal interosseous a. for Pronator quadratus)

Innervation/arterial supply of Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (Ulnar and Humeral heads)?

Innervation: Ulnar nerve;

Artery: Deep antebrachial artery

Innervation/arterial supply of Deep Digital Flexor (Humeral, Radial, Ulnar heads)?

Innervation: Humeral & Radial heads = Median nerve; Ulnar head = Ulnar nerve;

Artery: Deep antebrachial artery

What does a NWB limp with the limb flexed/bent suggest in a presenting patient? What should you test in order to determine this?

Radial nerve damage — test sensation in the cutaneous zone (dorsal/cranial forelimb)

Which muscles are dissected during a forelimb amputation? Hint: TLDR; SOCS

Trapezius,
Latissimus dorsi
Deep pecs
Rhomboideus;

Superficial pecs
Omotransversarius
Cleidobrachialis
Serratus ventralis

What nerves are dissected during a forelimb amputation? SMART MuS

Subscapular n.
Musculocutaneous n.
Axillary n.
Radial n.
Thoracodorsal n.
Median and ulnar n.
Suprascapular n.

What major artery and vein pairing is dissected during forelimb amputation? What other veins must be dissected?

Axillary artery and vein; Omobrachial and Cephalic veins

What are the four structures that attach to the ischiatic tuberosity?

Sacrotuberous ligament
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus