Biology Unit 2

Atoms

They are made up of subatomic particles

Nuecleus

They are found in the protons and neutrons

Electrons

They are charged and are found in electron “shells” or “electron cloud” outside the nucleus

Protons

They are positively charged and the number of proton determines the element or “type” of atom

Isotopes

They are atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons

Ions

They are atoms that have more or fewer electrons than protons; that’s why they are charged

Covalent Bonds

They are held together with atoms in molecules

Shared Electrons

They are in a covalent bond together

Iconic Bonds

They are held together with atoms in iconic solids

Transfer

Iconic bonds form when one or more electrons get transferred from one atom to another

Positive Charge

The one that loses electrons

Negative Charge

The one that gets positively charged

Water Molecules

Some molecules are attracted or “stick”

Hydrophilic Molecules

They are called Polar Molecules

Separate Molecules

Some molecules are not attracted to water and stick to each other, away from water when possible

Nonpolar Molecules

They are made of Hydrophilic molecules

Carbon and Hydrogen Atoms

They mostly often have few oxygen or nitrogen atoms

Hydro Molecules

The tendency for hydrophobic molecules to stick to each other and keep water out

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules are made of carbon chains with hydrogens

Nonpolar Atoms

These carbon-hydrogen chains, without any oxygen or nitrogen atoms, and they do not dissolve in water

Functional Groups

Carbon-hydrogen chains can have other groups of atoms attached to them

Dissolved Water

If they have many oxygens and nitrogens attached, they usually dissolve better

Monomers or Polymers

This reaction is a very common reaction used to connect(small hydrocarbon molecules) to build a dimer, trimer(longer than 3 monomers)

-OH and -H

During the reaction, one molecule and another molecule break off and form water

Polymer Chain

Hydrolysis is the reaction that occurs when one monomer is broken off

Water Molecule

One has been used up in this reaction

-OH,-H, and monomer

It breaks apart and one goes to one monomer, and the other one goes to the rest of the polymer chain left after it breaks off