all gcse history topics

Medieval Period

1250-1500

Medical Renaissance

1500-1700

Medieval Ideas about causes

Punishment from God. Miasma. Imbalance of the four humours

Medieval ideas about treatment

Prayer. Herbal Remedies

Medieval ideas about prevention

Keeping streets/water supplies clean

Renaissance ideas about causes

Punishment from god. Miasma. Imbalanced humours

Renaissance ideas about Treatment

Prayer. Herbal remedies. Bleeding/purging. External operations

Renaissance ideas about prevention

Cleaning streets/water supplies. Quarantining the sick. Dissecting dead bodies to learn

18th-19th century ideas about causes

Germ theory. Miasma

18th-19th century ideas about treatment

Herbal remedies

18th-19th century ideas about prevention

Smallpox vacccination. Antiseptic. Sewers. Clean water

Modern ideas about causes

DNA. Germs

Modern ideas about treatment

Antibiotic. Chemical drugs. Blood transfusions

Modern ideas about prevention

NHS. Knowledge. Research

Black Death

1348

Vesalius publishes The Fabric of the Human Body

1543

William Harvey publishes his book on blood circulation

1628

Great Plague of London

1665

Thomas Sydenham publishes Observations Medicae

1676

Edward Jenner develops first vaccine

1796

James Simpson discovers chloroform

1847

Joseph lister uses carbolic acid in surgery

1865

Louis Pasteur Germ Theory

1861

John Snow discovers the significance of the broad street pump causing cholera

1854

Karl Landsteiner discovers blood groups

1901

Second Public Health Act

1875. It is made compulsory to improve sewers/drainage/clean water

The Church in Medieval England

Priests wrote all the books dictating medical knowledge so everybody had to be religious.

Fleming discovers penicillin

1928

First Magic bullet

1909- the Salvarsan 606

NHS introduced

1948

Human Genome Project began

1990

Education in medieval England

The church controlled education

Housing in medieval England

Whole families (with animals) would live in one room.

Communication in medieval England

Most people were illiterate

Supernatural explanations of illness (medieval)

Religion and astrology

Rational explanations of illness (medieval)

Miasma and The four humours

The theory of the four humours

Four liquids within the body (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm) if they became unbalanced you became ill. To get better the humours have to be rebalanced

Galen emphasized the importance of

studying body structure

Galen's theory of opposites

Based on the four humours but instead of ridding yourself of the excess humour, you needed more of the other humours

Alternative medieval treatments if religion failed

Amulets. Bathing. Purging. Bleeding. Herbal remedies

Alternative medieval preventions if religion failed

Amulets. Bathing. Diet. Cleaning. Purifying air

Alternative medieval people if religion failed

Physician. Barber surgeon. Apothecary. Wise woman

How did Individuals hold back change in medieval medicine?

Evidence seemed to support Galen's theories and he made his work logical and difficult to challenge

How did education hold back change in medieval medicine?

The church controlled education, physicians were taught that Galen and Hippocrates were always right and shouldn't be questioned

How did attitudes hold back change in medieval medicine?

Respect for tradition stopped people from challenging ideas. New ideas were hard to spread as books could only be written by hand

How did government hold back change in medieval medicine?

The king spent little/no money on medicine

How did the church hold back change in medieval medicine?

They had huge influence and said that God controlled life meaning there was no need to look for other causes of illness. Challenging the bible was blasphemy so nobody ever argued with the church.

Plague Doctor

Wore a uniform covering every part of their body. Wore a mask with a beak that could store sweet smelling herbs

Thomas Sydenham's ideas about medicine

Practical approach. Diet. Pulse taking. Observation. Medical records.

Galen's ideas about circulation

New blood manufactured in the liver. Veins contained blood and air. Blood passed through the heart through invisible holes in the septum

Vesalius' ideas about circulation

Veins contained valves. No tiny holes in the septum

Harvey's ideas about circulation

Same blood being pumped around the body. Arteries and veins are a one system, blood is pumped cyclically. No holes in the septum

How did Harvey prove circulation was a one way system?

Tying a tight cord around a man's arm which led to blood flow being cut off in the artery leading to he arm. Loosening the cord allowed a little blood to flow into the arm but prevented it from flowing out and the veins swelled with blood.

How did individuals help change Renaissance medicine?

Harvey's confidence/ability enabled him to challenge traditional ideas, continuing the work Vesalius began

How did technology help change Renaissance medicine?

The invention of the microscope helped prove some theories

How did attitudes help change Renaissance medicine?

Attitudes towards dissection, experimentation and questioning old ideas all improved. Physicians were against these changes as it disproved all their training

How did the church help change renaissance medicine?

The church lost a lot of power, enabling people to disagree with Galen's theories without being accused of arguing against the church

How did communication help change renaissance medicine?

The invention of the printing press meant ideas could be spread quicker

Causes of the Great Plague

Miasma. Imbalance of the humours. Punishment from god

Treatments of the Great Plague

Rhubarb, bleeding, surgery, herbal remedies, "plague water"

Prevention of the Great Plague

Theatres/taverns were closed. Carry a bunch of herbs. Plague Water. Sick people and their families were quarantined. Sweeping the streets. Fires lit. Dogs and cats rounded up

First Public Health Act

1848- optional

Pros of Chloroform

Effective anaesthetic. Useful for childbirth. Inhaler developed to regulate dosage

Cons of Chloroform

Too much could kill. "Pain free operations were unnatural". Doctors attempted more complex operations increasing risk of blood loss and infection

Surgery's black period

1850-1870

Edwin Chadwick's Report

A report on the sanitary conditions of the labouring population- 1842

Cholera outbreak

1854

Individuals' impact on medical breakthrough's in the 18th-19th century

Individuals had a massive impact: Jenner's vaccinations, Snow's removal of the broad street pump. Nightingale's mission to make hospital's clean, Pasteur's germ theory

Communication's impact on medical breakthroughs in the 18th-19th century

Pasteur's germ theory was badly received. People falsely advertised medicines

Chance's impact on medical breakthroughs in the 18th-19th century

Great Stink. Simpson "messing about" with chloroform. Jenner happened to live in an area where cowpox existed

Government's impact on medical breakthrough's in the 18th-19th century

Issued a weak public health act in 1848 but then published a stronger one in 1875

Technological advances in the 18th-19th century

Sterilisation of instruments. Microscope. Syringes. Flushing toilet. Sewage system. Breathing apparatus

Electron microscope invented

1931

Watson and Crick discover DNA structure

1953

Wilkins and Franklin take first photos of DNA

1953

National Insurance Act

1911- required the employer to provide sick pay for workers who were ill

The Beveridge report

1942- came up with the idea of NHS

Koch identified specific microbes that caused...

TB- 1882 Cholera-1883

How was the government tried to prevent lung cancer?

Advertising for cigarettes/cigars/tobacco is banned. Tax on tobacco is regularly raised. Shops cannot publicly display tobacco products. All packaging displays the dangers of smoking

How did the church help medieval medicine?

Maintenance/development of herbal remedies. Set up hospitals. Developed centres of learning

How did the church hinder medieval medicine?

Focus was on religion. Disapproved of dissection. People could not question their methods

Medieval methods of diagnosis

Many Medieval doctors carried with them a vademecum (meaning 'Go-with-me') book of diagnoses and a urine chart. Usually, they examined the colour, smell and taste of the patient's urine, and made an on-the-spot guess as to what they might be suffering from. Pictures from the time make it clear that doctors also did clinical observation, and took their patient's pulse.

Hitler joins german workers party

1919, september

Spartacists rebellion

1919

Social democrats make Weimer Republic

1919

Treaty of Versailles

1919

SA formed

1920

Kapp Putsch

1920

Beer hall/Munich putsch

1923

Invasion of Ruhr

1923

Hyperinflation

1923

Dawes Plan

1924

Hitler leaves prison

1924

SS formed

1925

Locarno Parties

1925

Nazis hold nuremberg rallies

1927

Young plan

1929

Wall street crash (depression)

1929

Unemployment reaches 4 million

1930

Von Papen made chancellor

1932