Human Sexuality -Quiz/exam 2 Sadie Sanders UF

Corona

base of the tip; rime of the penile glans

Frenulum

raised spot between glans, highly sensitive thin strip of sin connecting glans to shaft on underside of penis

Glans

The tip of the penis; abundance of nerve endings

Urethral opening

urine excretion; tube which urine passes from bladder to outside

Foreskin

xs skin; coveing skin over glans in uncricumsiced

Scrotum

• 2 chamber pouch of loose skin; encolseses testes

• Outermost layer à covering of thin skin

• 2^nd layer --. Tunica dartos; smooth muscle fibers/ fibrous connective tissue

Cremasteric muscle

influence position of testes in scrotal sac; can be voluntarily contracted, causing upward movement of testes

Shaft

length between glans and body

3 parallel internal cylinder in penis

• engorged w/blood during sexual arousal --. Rich supply of blood vessels

• 2 cavernous boides/ corpoa cavernoas

• 1 spongy body/corpus spongiosum —> at bottom of penis

Root

portion that extends into pelvic cavity

Crura

innermost tips of cavernous bodies that connect to pubic bones

Testis/testicle

• inside scrotum; male gonad, produces sperm/sex hormones

Cryptorchidism

undescended testes

Seminiferous tubules

• inside testes

• site of sperm production

Interstitial cells

• Located between tubules

• Major source of androgens

• Close proximity to blood vessels

Epididymis

• sperm maturation/storage; along back of each testis

• in scotum

Semen

• ejaculated thru opening of penis’comes from variety of sources; volume;

• constaines sperm; contain ascorbic/citric acids, enzymes, water, fructose, phosphate, bicarbonate buffers

Vas deferens

• begins at base of testis/ ends at urethra

• Moves sperm from scrotum to ejactualrry duct thru prostate

Seminal vesicles

• 2 small glands adjacent to terminals of vas deferens;

• secrete alkaline fluid conductive to sprm motility/ high in fructose;

• secreten accpounts for 70% of seminal fluid

Prostate gland

• at base of bladder, size/shape of walnut;

• alkaline that makes up 30% of seminal fluid

Cowper’s gland

• 2 pea-sized glands located along side base of urethra;

• secret slippery,

• mucus-like alkaline fluid appears as droplet at tip of penis

Erection

• process by which penis engorges w/ blood/ incfeases in size

•  Coordinated by autonomic nervous system

  • artreies expand

  • blood out flow → cant keep up with in flow

• capacity for erection preent at birth

Ejaculation

• sperm expelled thru penis to outside of body

• Spinal reflex triggers 2 phases

  • Emmison: fluid in erethral bulb

  • Expulsion: semen expelled

Retrograde ejaculation

semen expelled into bladder rather than penis

Nocturnal emission

wet dreams

Penis: health care issues

• cleanliness: smegma, infections

• infection transmission

• injuries: hazards of sexual gadjest, fracutres during coitus 

• penile cancer: deadly if no diagnoses early 

Testicular cancer

• common in young men ages 20 to 35 yrs old

• risk facotrs: smoking, family histroy, white race, cryptorchidism (undescended testes)

• sym[toms: hard/irregular mass in testes, fever, groin aches, heaviness i testes, tender breasts, painful fluid accumulation/scrotum swelling

• Survival? x>90% if detected early 

Prostate disease

• prostatis: enlarged/infalmed prostate 

• benign prostatic hyperplasis: increase prostage gland size

• prostate cancer: second leading cause of cancer death

  • tretmnet: benefits must outweight risks 

Puberty

• reproductive organs maturing 

• onset: 8-14 yrs

• ages 11-20 to complety puberty

  • most physical changes during first few years 

• Triggered by gonadtropins 

  • males → testosterone from testes

  • females → estrogen from ovaries 

Female puberty changes

-acne, underarm hair, breasts, rounded body counting, public hair, enlargement of utuerus clitoris, labia, mensutration 

Male puberty changes

• acne, beard, voice change, underarm hair, chest hair, muscle development, pubic hair, enlargment of penis, scrotum, testes, ejaculation 

Teenage pregnancy -2022

• declining rate

• 13.6/1000 females ages 15-19 were pregnant 

• 143,789 live birth to teenagers 15-19

Consequences of teenage pregnanices

• likley to have physical complications, higher prenatal/ infant mortality rates, high risk for STIs, impact on finances/education, lower parenting quality 

Single living

• 23% to 51 % of unmarried people from 1950s to 2023

• why? marring later in life, women focusing on careers, postponing raising families

• liveing together w/o marrying

• changing views about marriage

• lifestyle/satisfcation vary widley 

  • celibacy, long term monogamy, serial monogamy, primary relationship/occasional sex w/others 

Cohabitation 

• living together in sexual relationshop w/o being married

  • significant increase, many move to get married

Marriage 

• social norms, stable family units, economic partnership, right of inheritance

• median age: men: 30.2, women: 28.6

• rate: 6.2/1000 people

• number: 2mil 65 thousand 905

Why marriage?

• marry for love

• unrealistic expecaton of fulfillment, fewer support networks for marriage, lack of outside help resources for daily issues, longer life expecantncies, challenes of parenthood

• raise sexula satisfaction → relatioship satisfaction, love, commitment, stability 

• Quality of sex in marrigae decrease w/ durstion of marraige in general 

True/ false. Some couples sustain romantic love in long-term relationships even if the common notion of relationshops falling out of low and losing satisfaction with time.

True

True/False. Sexless union can be satisfying.

True

Consenual non-monogamy

• sexual relationship outside couple’s bond w/ consent of one’s partners

• swingers, open relationships 

Non-consentual extramarital relationships

• married person engages in sexual relationship outside marraige w/o consent

• aka cheating

• serious consequences 

Why divorce

• accessibility to no-fault divorces, womens increased economic independes 

Prevelence of divorce?

• number: 673,989

• Rate: 7.1/ 1000

What does divorse represent?

• loss of one’s spouse, lifestyle, securiry, part of one’s idenity/ self worth

  • Comparable to loss experiences w/loved one passing

  • Feelings of loneliness/guilt are common

  • Sense of relief/acceptance may come after several months

Widowhood

• men typiclly dies first in most straight couples

• 3:1 ration of widows to widowers

  • older men w/o partners seek young female companions 

  • reduces potential partner pool for older heterosexual women 

Sexuality/aging

• notion: aging > sexless time

• may be outdated; view of sexuality as potential lifetime pleasure will become more common

• double standers w/aging: men more attractive w/ age; women more attractive in youth

• sexual activity in later years

  • sexuality can improve later life

Spermatic cord

• attached to testes/ suspend each in seperate chamberm containes vas deferenes, blood vessel,s cremasteric msucle fibers

vasocongestion

filling o blood during the master’s and johnsons model of sexual response

Myotonia

muscle tenions/msucle contraction during the four oages of Masters & Johnsons model of sexual response

Excitement

• Increase in myotonia, heart raet, Blood pressure; sex flush/ nipple erection occur

• Female: clit swells, labia majora separate away from vag opening, labia minora swell/darken in color, lubrication begins, uterus elevates, breasts enlarge

• Male: penis becomes erect; testes elevate and engorge; scrotal skin thickens and tenses

Plateau

• Myotonia becomes pronounces/involuntary muscular contractions may occur in hands/feet; heart tare, blood pressure, breathing increase

• Female: orgasmic platform (engorgement of outer 3^rd of vag forms) clitoris w/draws under hood; utuers becomes fully elevated, areola becomes more swollen

• Male: engorement/ elevation of testes becomes more pronounced

• Copwe’s gland secretions may occur

Orgasm 

• Involuntary muscle spasm, maximum levels of BP, breathing, HR, involuntary contraction of rectal sphincter

• Female: orgasmic platform contracts rhythmically 3-15 times, Uterine contraction occurs, clit remains contracted; no further changes in breasts/ nipples

• Male: emission phase, internal structed undergo contraction causing pooling of seminal fluid in urethral  bulb; expulsion: semen expelled by contractor muscles around base of penis

Resolution

• Myotonia subsides, HR/ BP/Breathing rates return, sex flush disappears, nipple erection subsides slowly

• Female: clit descends/ engorgement slowly subsides, labia return to unaroused size, uterus descends to normal position, lack of organs after period of high arousal may dramatically slow resolution

• Male: erection subsides over period of few mins, testes descend and return to normal size, scrotum resumes wrinkled appearance; resolution rapid in males

• Males: unable to achieve another orgasm; refractory period

Steriod hormones

Androgens and estrogen

Androgenes

• produced by testes, adrenal glands, ovaries 

• testosterone 

Estrogen

• produced by ovaries

True/ false. Typicall, persons w/ testes or ovaries produce both androgens and estrogens

true

Oxytocin

• neuropeptide hormone

• birth/labor, love hormone; orgasm, contraction of vagina wall during sex

• Hypothalamus/ influences sexual response and interpersonal attraction; erotic bonding

• Secreted during cuddling/ physical intimacy

  • Increased skin sensitivity

  • Associate w/ orgasmic release

  • Association between levels and capacity to form attachments and loving interactions

Male behavior: testosterone

increases sexual desire/ genital sensitivty

Chemical castration

• give druge to reduce testosterone

Surgical castration

removal of testes through surgery

Anti-androgens druga

reduce testosterone

Hypogonadism

reduce testosterone levels, reduce sexual desire

Female behavior: estrogen

• estroigne and female sexual behabvor unclear 

• estrogen therapy leasds sexual benefits 

  • decreased thinning of vagina

  • increased vaginal lubricatiob

  • increased transmission of HIV/infections

Female behavior: testosterone

major libido hormone

too much: hair growth in face/body, increased body mass, enlarged clit

Unattached testosterone

• type of testoterone that plays a role in sexual desire

• men have about 5% of U.T.

• women have 1-3% of UT

• the rest is bounded testosterone

Dopamine

stimulate sexual arousal

Serotonin

inhabits sexual desire and ejaculation; decrease ability to have second ejaculation in men 

Compare and contrast the sexual responses of men and women

• Greater variability in female response\most women have capacity for multiple orgasms

  • Doesn’t really come down; slow resolution

• Male refractory period: certain minimum time must elapse after orgasm before another climax

Womens changes in sexual arousal and response pattern

• response cycle countines w/ decreased intensity

• Excitement: vagnal lubticaton begins more slowly, reduced amt

• Plateau: decrease vagina flexibility

• Orgasm: number of uterine contractions decrease

• Resolution: occurs more rapidly

Mens cahnges in sexual arousal and response patterns

Collectivist culture

• group collective goals over individual; marrying up/ rich

• marrying fot power/money

Individualistic culture

• love as a basis for marriage