Western Civ 2 Midterm Study Guide (jcjc-atwood)

Absolutism

When a government's collective power is in the hands of a single monarch who served as executor, legislator, and judge.

Bourbon Dynasty

Ruled France during the 17th and 18th centuries

Louis XIV

Ruled France as an absolute monarch and was known as "the sun king"

The Balance of Power

An arrangement in which various countries form alliances to prevent one state from dominating the other

Hohenzollern Dynasty

Was the name of the ruling dynasty of Austria

Roundheads

During the English Civil War Oliver Cromwell led the ___________

Glorious Revolution

Was the result of Parliament's fear of a Catholic dynasty and resulted in William and Mary becoming the kind and queen of England

Habsburg Dynasty

Was the name of the ruling dynasty of Austria

Peter the Great

Was a member of the Romanov dynasty that ruled Russia

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan which argued that people had no right to rebel against their ruler

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government which argued inalienable rights and that people have a right to rebel against their government if it does not fulfill its duties

King Charles I

Was executed as a result of England's Second Civil War in 1649

Scientific Revolution

Was the new views of the natural world and methods for obtaining them that began in the 16th century

Copernicus heliocentric theory

Created doubt about the Ptolemaic system

Goalileo Galilei

was an Italian astronomer known for studying the laws of gravity and motion

Discourse on Method

Rene Descartes famously concluded "I think, therefore i am."

Issac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

The Principle integrated the laws of planetary motion with the law of universal gravitation

Law of Gravitation

Led to the understanding that the universe operates according to universal laws

Alchemy

Involved attempting to turn base metals into precious ones, such as lead into gold

Robert Boyle

Regarded as the first modern chemist and proved the existence of a vacuum

Skepticism

Encouraged by the Scientific Revolution and is best described as a tendency to doubt what one has been taught or is expected to believe

Secularization

Describes the reduction of the importance of religion in society and culture

The Enlightenment

Was the European intellectual movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason and the application of the laws of nature to human society

Paris

Was considered the capital of the Enlightenment

Philosophes

Knows as the writers and thinkers of the Enlightenment

Voltaire

Was a social critic, an attacker of Christianity, a defender of independent human reason, and the author of Candide

Baron De Montesquieu

Was the foremost French political thinker of the Enlightenment who wrote On the Spirit of Laws, which argued for the separation of political powers

The Wealth of Nations

Is the title of author Adam Smith's foundational text for modern economic theory

The Social Contract

Written by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, pioneered modern democratic theory

Benjamin Franklin

Was the greatest American philosophe who was a revolutionary, diplomat, inventor, and scientist

George I

was the first Hanoverian king In Great Britain

Prussia

Was often described as "an army with a country" die to its powerful military

Poland

Was partitioned three times by Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Treaty of Paris

Ended the French and Indian War, and france ceded all of Canada and territory east of the Mississippi to Great Britain

Great Britain

Could be considered the major victor of the Seven Years' War

Intolerable Acts

Were the British response to the Boston Tea Party

French Society

was divided into three order or Estates before the Revolution

King Louis XVI

Summoned the Estates General to solve the financial crisis that France faced

First act of the French Revolution

The Third Estate declared itself a National Assembly to write a constitution

The storming of Bastille on July 14, 1789

symbolized an attack on the kings authority

The March Versailles

Was carried out by Parisian women and resulted in the King and National Assembly relocating to Paris

The Jacobins

Were a radical political club that wanted to remove the kind and establish a republic

First action of the National Convention on September 22, 1792

Was to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic

Maximilien Robespierre

Dominated the Committee of Public Safety

Thermidorian Reaction

Led to the end of the Reign of Terror as more moderate middle class leaders took control of the National Convention

Napoleon

Abandoned his army and returned to France after the Frencch navy was defeated. by the British in Egypt

Napoleon Bonaparte

Led a coup d'etat and toppled the Directory to come to power in 1799

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Led a slave revolt against the French, which untimately led to Haiti being declared independent on January 1, 1804

Napoleonic Code

Issued by Napoleon iin 1804 abolished the three estates and sefdom

Battle of Austerlitz

Fought in December 1805, Napoleon achieved his greatest victory by defeating Austria and Russia depsite being outnumbered

Battle of Trafalgar

Fought in October of 1805, was British victory at sea where Admiral Horatio Nelson defeated Napoleon's fleet and halted Napoleons plans to invade Britain

Napoleons Continental sytem

The purpose of this was to destroy Britain's economy

Nationalism

The idea that a nation has the right to self rule based on its common culture or ethnic group is know as

Czar Alexander I

Employed a scorched earth policy against Napoleon's invading forced

Battle of Leipzig

After Napoleon's defeat, he was forced to surrender and then exiled to Elba

Napoleon's final defeat

Occured June 18, 1815 when his army was defeated by a combined British and Prussian army at the Battle of Waterloo

Saint Helena

This is where Napoleon was exiled to after his final defeat

Industrial Revolution

Was a fundamental change in the was goods were produced, from human labor and machines

Great Britain

This is where the industrial revolution began

Textile Industry

This is what the industrial revolution started in

James Watt

Was the first person to develope an efficient steam engine

Coal

was the major source of industrial energy in the 19th century

Thomas Malthus

Believed that famine, disease, and war would check population growth

Child Labor

Was hard work and physically harmful

Unions

Were organized to raise wages and improve working conditions during the Industrial Revolution

Labor Laws

In the first half of the 19th century cut child and female labor

Communist Manifesto

The primary driver of all history is economics and the struggle between classes

Liberalisn

An ideology in the early 19th century emphasizing extended political rights to at least the middle class and advocating for minimal government interference in individuals lives

Nationalism

An ideology based on chared sense of identity through common institutions, traditions, language, and customs, and believes that political and ethnic boundaries should concide

Conservationism

An ideology focusing on preserving traditional political and social institutions and emphasizing stability and continuity

Socialism

advocates for community ownership of the means of production and aim sto reduce inequalities of income, wealth, opportunity, an economic power

Congress of Vienna

The international meeting that withdrew the European map and restored order after the Napoleonic Wars was know as

Age of Metternich

During this time, the two countries that gained independence were Greece and Belgium

1848

Was known as the Year of Revolutions

Ottoman Empire

Due to its declining power and territorial losses, they were often referred to as "the sick man of Europe"

Camillo di Cavour

Was the architect of Italian unification

Otto von Bismarck

Was the Chief architect of German unification

William I

On January 18, 1871, was proclaimed Emperor of the Second German Empire at the Palace of Versailles

As a result of the Crimean War

Great Britain removed itself from the affair of Continental Europe and focused on their overseas possessions