Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards

Comprehensive fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering cellular adaptations, injury mechanisms, toxicity, necrosis types, and postmortem changes from Chapter 2.

Physiologic atrophy occurs in the thymus, whereas disuse of a limb is an example of __________ atrophy.

pathologic

An increase in the number of cells as a consequence of an increase in cell division is defined as __________.

hyperplasia

Reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type is called __________.

metaplasia

Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells is known as __________, which is not a true adaptive change.

dysplasia

In the provided diagram of simple cuboidal epithelial cells, the adaptive change characterized by shrinkage in cell size is labeled as __________.

atrophy

While ischemia is a reduced blood supply and hypoxia is a lack of sufficient oxygen, a total lack of oxygen is called __________.

anoxia

In reperfusion injury, massive amounts of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide are generated from hypoxanthine and __________.

xanthine

During hypoxic injury, a decrease in ATP causes failure of the sodium-potassium pump and the __________ exchange.

sodium-calcium

To stabilize itself, a free radical steals an electron from long chains of phospholipids in cell membranes in a process known as lipid __________.

peroxidation

Carbon monoxide causes hypoxic injury because its affinity for hemoglobin is __________ times greater than that of oxygen.

300

Ethanol metabolism leads to nutritional deficiencies in magnesium, vitamin B6, phosphorus, and __________.

thiamine

The active substance in marijuana found in the resin of the Cannabis sativa plant is $\Delta9\text{-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)}$.

$$\Delta9\text{-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)}$$

The most dangerous stage of methamphetamine use, where the user is continually under the influence and does not sleep for 3 to 15 days, is called __________.

tweaking

The synthetic opioid fentanyl is __________ to 100 times more potent than morphine.

50

A tear or rip of the skin with jagged edges resulting from blunt force energy is termed a __________.

laceration

Heat stroke occurs when core body temperature rises above $106^\circ\text{F}$.

$$106^\circ\text{F}$$

According to the mechanism of hydropic degeneration, hypoxia causes ATP production to decrease, which leads to sodium and water moving into the cell while __________ moves out of the cell.

potassium

Coagulative necrosis occurs primarily in the kidneys, heart, and __________ glands.

adrenal

Liquefactive necrosis results from hydrolytic enzymes and typical affects the neurons and glial cells of the __________.

brain

Caseous necrosis usually results from tuberculous pulmonary infection and is a combination of coagulative and __________ necrosis.

liquefactive

During necrosis, nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis is called karyolysis, whereas clumping of the nucleus is called __________.

pyknosis

Nuclear fragmentation during cell death is known as __________.

karyorrhexis

Reduction of body temperature following somatic death is termed __________ mortis.

algor

Muscle contraction following death caused by the inability to return calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum is known as __________ mortis.

rigor

The settling of blood in dependent areas of the body due to gravity after death is called __________ mortis.

livor