PACIFIC NORTHWEST ECOSYSTEMS FINAL

Polystichum munitum (Pacific Swordfern)

separated leaflets, parallel pattern

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-Fir)

furrowed bark with stretch marks, bottle brush leaflets, cones with spike (FAKE FIR)

Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock)

offset foliage, white dots (insect egg sacs), like a bad hairday

Thuja plicata (western red cedar)

red peely bark, leaves in fanned out and wide pattern with a braided texture, dropping folliage

Picea sitchensis (Sitka Spruce)

spiky sharp needles, leaves across the branch, cruciform and flat

Picea engelmannii (Englemann spruce)

leaves across branch, orange buds, spiky leaves

Abies grandis (grand fir)

large leaves, cruciform pattern, stomatal veins on back of leaf, cones at the top of the tree that explode (lower elevation)

Abies lasiocarpa (sub-alpine fir)

long thin leaves across twig, cruciform pattern (higher elevation)

Abies amabilis (Pacific silver fir)

super bottlebrush, cruciform pattern, very furry looking branches

Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)

long, slender leaves, fascicles of 2, armed serotinous cones, thin scaly bark

Pinus ponderosa (Ponderosa Pine)

fascicles of 3, droopy long needles, thick branches

Pinus monticola (Western white pine)

fascicles of 5, spiky needles

Taxus brevifolia (Pacific Yew)

leaflets on branch very distinct light green back

Cornus nuttallii (Pacific Dogwood)

White flowers with green pistils (center)

Oemlaria cerasiformis (June Plum)

very green leaves, brown branch, green berries

Ribes sanguinium (Red-flowering currant)

3-tip leaves, pink-red colored flowers

Mahonia nervosa (Dull/Short Oregon Grape)

spiky dull leaves, >= 9 leaflets (overcompensating)

Mahonia aquafolium (Tall/Shiny Oregon Grape)

spiky shiny leaves,

Gualtheria shallon (Salal)

shiny round leaves, serrated edges, red bark, opposite leaf pattern

Symphoricarpos albus (Snowberry)

little white berries, very round and green leaves

Holodiscus discolor (Ocean-Spray)

pollen-like clusters as flowers, droopy and dead-looking

English Ivy

5-point dark green leaves, vine-like and found as groundcover or climbing trees

Tsuga mertensiana (mountain hemlock)

uniform, bottlebrush-like needles and large cones

Larix occidentalis (western larch)

needle-like leaves that turn yellow in the autumn and small round, spiky cones

Arbutus menziesii (pacific madrone BARK)

smooth orange-red bark that peels away to silver

Arbutus menziesii (pacific madrone LEAF)

thick, waxy, and leathery oval leaf with a grayish-silver underside

Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood BARK)

dark-gray bark with deep furrows

Populus trichocarpa (black cottonwood LEAF)

dark, glossy-green upper surface and pale green underside. large leaves with a heart shape and fine serrated margins

Acer macrophyllum (bigleaf maple)

large three pronged (5 lobes) leaves, dome-shaped crown, fruits are winged samaras

Alnus rubra (red alder LEAF)

clusters of small, woody cone-like structures, serrated edges with a wavy look

Alnus rubra (red alder BARK)

thin, smooth, ashy-gray bark

Querces garryana (Garry oak)

thick leaves with 3 to 7 deep lobes per side

Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen LEAF)

simple, heart-shaped small leaves with finely serrated margins

Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen BARK)

white bark with natural dark horizontal scars (bark can photosynthesize!)

Rubus spectabilis (salmonberry)

if you fold the top leaf, it turns into a butterfly! 3 leaflets per leaf, pink flowers and yellow/orange/pink berries

Rubus parviflorus (thimbleberry)

large, soft, and fuzzy/velvety leaves with white flowers and red fruits

Acer circinatum (vine maple)

7-9 lobed serrated leaves, grows either as a sprawling vine-like shrub or an upright small bushy tree, produces samaras

Vaccinium parvifolium (red huckleberry)

bright green and strongly angled branches, thin and oval bright green leaves, bright red berries

Oplopanax horridus (devil’s club)

giant maple-like leaves and stems are covered in sharp yellow spines, berries are bright red grape-like clusters

Ceanothus velutinus (snowbrush)

oval shaped glossy leaves, dense pyramidal clusters of little white blossoms

Arcostaphylos uva-ursi (common bearberry/kinnikinnick)

small, thick, leathery dark green leaves, bright red fleshy berries in late summer

Lupinis (lupine species)

towering spires of purple/pink flowers

Equisetum (horsetail fern)

bamboo-like segmented stems

Himalayan blackberry

leaves in groups of 5, canes with large thorns

Knotweed

bamboo-appearing stems, spade-shaped leaves with large lacy clusters of white flowers

Scotchbroom

invasive, prominently angled stems with clusters of bright yellow flowers

Thuja plicata (western recedar bark)

stringy, peely red bark

Pseudatsuga menziesii (douglas-fir leaf)

soft, bottlebrush pattern leaves, attatched with little dot petioles