APEH Unit 2 Vocabulary Terms

Age of Reformation

Anabaptists

Anabaptists

a radical Protestant sect of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

Anglicanism

a Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England, in creation with his Church of England; Elizabeth I later merged traditional Catholic beliefs with Protestant changes, which were later exemplified in the Book of Common Prayer, the basis of Anglican beliefs and teachings; the monarch of England is the head of the Anglican church

Augsburg Confession (1530)

the statement of Protestant belief produced by Philip Melanchthon at the request of Emperor Charles V; solidified Lutheran doctrine of salvation through faith alone, Bible is the sole authority, and priesthood of all believers

Baroque Art

an artistic style and movement that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit; also utilized by absolute rulers in art and statues to promote their own stature and power; will become more popularized in the 17th-18th centuries

Catherine de Medici (1519-1589)

originally from Italy, she married Henry II of France, and ruled as Queen of France from 1547 to 1559; she exerted extensive political and military control through her reign as Queen Mother though her sons; she initially sought religious peace in France between Protestants and Catholics, but secretly supported Catholics, causing more tension and uproar in France; she infamously supported the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and ruled during the French Wars of Religion

Catholic Reformation

the religious reform movement within the Roman Catholic Church that occurred in response to the Protestant Reformation; though the Catholic Church did reform and outlaw some practices, it primarily reinforced traditional Catholic beliefs; it also created new groups such as the Jesuits and Ursulines, which sought to spread Catholic beliefs and reconvert people from Protestantism to Catholicism

Charivari

a ritual of public humiliation inflicted on men, women or both in small villages when they broke communal norms; was a mock parade, in which members of the town would mock serenade those who were being humiliated

Council of Trent (1545-1563)

called by Pope Paul III to reform the Catholic Church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants but Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend; reaffirmed traditional Catholic teachings, forbade the sale of indulgences, preserved the papacy as the center of Christianity, confirmed all seven existing sacraments, reaffirmed Latin as the language of worship and forbade clerical marriage

Defenestration of Prague (1618)

the event that marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in Bohemia; the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor King Ferdinand II closed some Protestant churches, resulting in Protestants throwing his officials out of a castle window. Their survival led Catholics to believe God saved them for a purpose, while Protestants believed they were only saved by the uneven castle walls and manure on the bottom.

Dutch War of Independence (1568-1648)

also known as the Eighty Years' War, it was a revolt of the seventeen Spanish provinces of what is today the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg against Philip II of Spain; the major causes of the war include resentment against Spanish imperial rule and spread of religious discontent; the Dutch areas primarily were Protestant, and heavily disagreed with Spanish Catholic practices; the war came to a close when Dutch independence was recognized as part of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, and led to the Dutch Golden Age and supremacy in Europe

Edict of Nantes (1598)

a decree issued by King Henry IV (Navarre) granting limited toleration to French Protestants; ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor (1578-1637)

a member of the Habsburg family, he ruled during the breakout and height of the Thirty Years War; a devout Catholic, he sought to enforce and reinstitute Catholicism throughout the German provinces; he harshly cracked down on Protestantism and oversaw the initial Catholic victories during the Bohemian and Danish phases of the war

French Wars of Religion (War of Three Henrys) (1562-1598)

the conflict between Protestant Huguenots and Catholics in France which also overlapped with political and economic competition, leading to a series of wars; major events included the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre and competition for the French throne between Protestant Henry of Navarre, Catholic Henry of Guise and Catholic King Henry III; resulted in the ascension of Henry of Navarre to the French throne as King Henry IV, and the issuing of the Edict of Nantes

German Peasants Revolt (1525)

a series of uprisings in Germany the 16th century; Involved tens of thousands of peasants; combined a whole series of agrarian grievances with an awareness of the new religious spirit preached by Martin Luther. It directed against secular and ecclesiastical lords, and attacked both economic and religious abuses. It was ruthlessly crushed.

Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (1594-1632)

he ruled as the King of Sweden from 1611-1632, and is most well-known as a brilliant military leader and strategist, and for founding Sweden as a great power in Europe; he led his Protestant Swedish troops to victory in the Thirty Years War, and is crediting with turning the tide of the war against the Catholics; he died in battle during the Thirty Years War

Henry IV (Navarre) of France (1553-1610)

he ruled as King of France from 1589-1610, after originally ruling his state of Navarre before the French Wars of Religion; a leading Protestant in France, he played a key role in the French Wars of Religion against Catholic King Henry III and Henry of Guise; in an effort to unite religious divisions, he married Catholic Princess Margaret of Valois, but his wedding was marked as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre; he was victorious in the French Wars of Religion, and ruled as a politique, where he worked to unite and solve France's religious strife; he issued the Edict of Nantes, which granted limited religious toleration to Huguenots/Protestants, while he converted to Catholicism and declared Catholicism the majority religion of France

Huguenots

a religious group of French Protestants, who were heavily influenced and followed the teachings of John Calvin and Calvinism; made up the majority of Protestants in France

Indulgences

the selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church, it was common practice when the church needed to raise money - the shameless selling of these by Johann Tetzel offended Luther, leading to the 95 Theses.

Jesuits (Society of Jesus)

the militant religious organization founded by Ignatius of Loyola that became the "spiritual arm" for the Counter-Reformation; goals were to reform the church through education, spread the Gospel to pagan peoples, and fight Protestantism

John Calvin (1509-1564)

a religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society, believed good works was not enough for salvation, denied the idea of humans having free will, and believed a person could know if they were chosen by God through a conversion experience; wrote the "Institutes of Christian Religion" (1536)

La Querelle des Femmes

literally means "the question of women," a literary debate which began amongst intellectual elites and religious leaders around 1500 about the nature and status of women

Lollards & Hussites

the followers of John Wycliffe who questioned the supremacy and privileges of the pope and the church hierarchy. Lollards and Hussites anticipated Protestant criticisms of the church by challenging papal infallibility, sale of indulgences, Scriptural authority, dogma of transubstantiation and other clerical practices (i.e. poverty, morality)

Mannerism

a term to describe the 16th century development of art following the High Renaissance and preceding the Baroque period. Mannerism is defined by the great artists of the time (Michelangelo, da Vinci, etc.) who broke with traditional views of balance, symmetry to create new ideas of beauty and creativity; famous artists include El Greco and Artemisia Gentileschi

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 Theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices; his beliefs created the Protestant Reformation and broke off major sects of Christianity from the Catholic Church

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

the treaty that officially ended the Thirty Years' War; terms included: recognized Calvinism as a legally permissible faith; recognized the sovereign independent authority of over 300 German states; granted Sweden additional territory, confirming its status as a major power; acknowledged the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands; led to the continued division and separation of German states

Predestination

the Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant branches within Christianity; led to massive warfare, upheaval in daily life, decrease in the power of the Catholic Church and rise of absolute monarchs

Puritans

a Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization; were persecuted within England and later migrated to the British American colonies, creating settlements such as Plymouth, Massachusetts

Roman Inquisition (1542)

a Catholic religious committee/court that was created under Pope Paul IV that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution; a major piece of the Catholic Reformation

Schmalkaldic League (1531)

a group formed by new Protestant (Lutheran) German princes to defend themselves against Charles V, it was supported by King Francis of France (even though he was Catholic he wanted Germany divided); important in the continuing fragmentation of Germany for years

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

initiated by Catherine de' Medici in 1572, a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence was directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion; took place a few days after the marriage of Protestant Henry of Navarre to Catholic Margaret of Valois

Thirty Years War (1618-1648)

a series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict (the last of its kind in Europe) but balance of power and politics often took priority; it was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburgs, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire; resulted in a Protestant victory and ended with the signing of the Peace of Westphalia in 1648

Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)

a Swiss reformer, a believer in theocracy, viewed the Eucharist as symbolic only (i.e. opposed the idea of transubstantiation), banned music and relics from services; originally a Lutheran himself, he challenged Luther as still being too Catholic in the Colloquy of Marburg in 1529, marking the beginning of doctrinal issues within Protestantism .

Witchcraft Persecutions

during the 16th and 17th centuries in Europe, between 100,000 and 200,000 people were officially tried for witchcraft; believed to have originated from the spread of violence from religious wars and traditional upheaval as a result of the Protestant Reformation between 40,000 and 60,000 people were executed for witchcraft; the elderly and widowed women were most likely to be accused of witchcraft; the Holy Roman Empire and Poland had the highest level of witchcraft executions and trials