color theory terms

refraction

bending of a beam when it enters a medium where its speed is different. eg water and diamonds

absorption

occurs when a ray of light strikes a surface. energy of light is transferred to the surface material where the trabsfer creates heat preventing reflection or diffusion of light striking on the surface

transmission

unimpeded passage of light through a transparent object

reflection

light arriving at a smooth-surfaced material change their direction of travel on impact and are returned

scattering

change of direction suffered by direction on impact

interference

temporary splitting of light waves

diffraction

combined effect of scattering and interference. when light waves hit an obstacle it bends around the edges of the obstacle

Light, observer, object

three requirements to see color effect

synesthesia

neurological condition in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

Grapheme-color synesthesia

numbers and letters associated with the experience of colors

Chromesthesia

sound-to-color synesthesia. experiencing colors through a musical sound

color blindness

color vision deficiency or CVD. inability to see or perceive color differences, under normal lighting conditions.

deuteranopia

red-green color blindness

hue, saturation, value

3 dimensions of color

hue

true colors of the spectrum. describes the actual color.

color

refers to the name for any color

broken hue

combination of unequal proportions of all the primaries. earth colors

color wheels

color arrangements or structures that enable us to organize and predict such color reactions an interactions

pigment wheel

the kind that designers and artists use today. It's the basis for working with subtractive color, it imparts information about the reactions colors have when they are actually mixed

Muddy black

the result when red, yellow and blue pigments are combined using the pigment/mixing wheel

primary colors

consist of 3 unique colors, red-yellow-blue

secondary colors

produced from the mixing of one primary color with another. colors are orange-green-violet

tertiary colors

created when mixing one secondary and one primary color

process wheel

mostly used for photography, printing and ink manufacture. gives 3 basic primaries--yellow, magenta and cyan which is seen to result in purer hues. has 12-24 hues

gray-black

color result when the 3 primaries of a process wheel are combined

light wheel

based on the additive color system and provides information concerning light rays and transparent color; combinations of colored light; used for theatrical lighting and projection and is now the basis for video and computer graphics

white

color result when the 3 primaries of a light wheel are combined

Cool hues

hues that recede and suggest sky, water, distance, foliage, shadows. it is quiet, restful, far, airy and light

blue-green

the coolest hue

warm hues

hues that advance and suggest aggression, sunlight, heat, blood, arousal and stimulation; appear heavier

red-orange

the warmest hue

color saturation

tingkad; intensity, brightness or dullness of a color

gray

a fully saturated color has no _____ in it

tones

addition of gray to pure hue; pang pa labo ng kulay

color value

lightness and darkness of a color

tint

hue with a presence of white

shade

hue with a presence of black

red

pink is a tint of what hue?

blue

navy is a shade of what hue?

intervals

a step of change between color samples

parents

term used for the samples on either side of intervals

descendant

term used for the visual step between two "parents"

gradient

series of progressive intervals that are so close that individual steps cannot be distinguished; seamless transition between color differences

achromatic

gray, white and black. have lightness but no hue or saturation. They can be created by mixing complementary colors together.

chromatic

any color which has even the slightest amount of hue are called

Advancing

Colors lower in value, more highly saturated and are warmer in hue are regarded as

receding

colors higher in value, lower in saturation, and cooler in hue are regarded as

color harmony

refers to the visual agreement of all parts of a work; these are time-tested combinations that work well together

color chords

other term for color harmony

Monochromatic

single base hue and extended using its shades, tones and tints.

analogous

any three colors which are side by side on the color wheel; non-contrasting colors

direct complementary

2 hues that lie directly opposite one another on the color wheel

near complementary color

one of the hues lies to one side of what would otherwise be a direct complementary

split complementary

forms a Y shape. one hue and 2 hues that lie on either side of its direct complement

triadic

3 hues that are equidistant from one another on the color wheel; forms a triangle

tetradic

4 equidistant hues; forms a square

neutral colors

grays and browns

one hue with neutral

harmony that utilizes one accent hue in full saturation combined with neutral colors or b&w. uses only one hue.

subtractive color

pigments, dyes--colorants. It is the process of mixing pigments together, such as seen in paintings. blended pigments absorb more light, hence, reflecting less light.

mixing of hue pigments is based on?

colorant

material that changes the light absorption characteristics of another material to w/c it is applied

dyes

natural or artificial colorants that absorb but usually do not scatter light and are soluble in the substrate

pigments

natural or artificial colorants that not only absorb but also scatter light and that are insoluble in the application medium or substrate

additive color

process of mixing colored light, such as in theatrical lighting or television. Lights are mixed by placing colored filters in front of a projected light ray

black

absence of light

on-screen color

additive color is sensed very differently form color reflected from a real surface. Printed colors cannot be matched exactly

CMYK mode

color display mode that imitates the results of the mixing process colors. This display mode facilitates working on-screen for print production

100

each cmyk can have a value of 0-100%. 0% equals no color (white), while ___% equals black

grayscales

made by manipulating percentages of key alone

middle gray

cmy colors mixed in equal percentages without black make a?

clear colors and tints

result when 2 of the CMY colors are mixed without black

RGB mode

mode of screen display parallels the behavior of light. Usually displayed in 0-255 mode. with 0 being black; the higher the number, the brighter the colors. each slider has 255 individual options

White

_____ is RGB 255, 255, 255, while black is RGB 0, 0, 0

HSV mode

or HSL mode displays a circular color map. it requires learning to mix color in a way that is associated with digital design

Gamut

range of colors reproduced in a color mode

calibration

the setting or correcting of a measuring device or base level, usually by adjusting it to match or conform to a dependably known and unvarying measure.

calibrate a monitor

to adjust the monitor so that specific combinations of red, green and blue signals produce specific on-screen

pantone color matching system

standardized color reproduction system. Created so different manufacturers in diff locations can all refer to this system to make sure colors match without direct contact with one another.

1755

how many spot colors does pantone have?

CRI (color rendering index)

a quantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproduce the colors of illuminated objects accurately when compared to a reference light source, such as pure sunlight. scale is from 0-100 (perfect cri; sunlight)

glare

visual sensation caused by excessive and uncontrolled brightness. It can be disabling or simply uncomfortable

disability glare

reduction in visibility caused by intense light sources in the field of view

discomfort glare

sensation of annoyances or even pain induced by overly bright sources.

color temperature (k)

best describes the color appearance of the light source and the light emitted from it. the numerical value assigned to the color emitted by a light source, measured in degrees of kelvin.

cool daylight

most preferred lighting for offices with over 6500k w/c is a bright white

3500-4000k

color temperature for hotels and environments that want to create a warm atmosphere

aristotle

greek philosopher who attempted to explain the composition of colors and how they were related. He wrote the book "de coloribus"

de coloribus

first known book about color written by aristotle. it outlines the theory that all colors (yellow, red, purple, green and blue) are derived from mixtures of black and white

leonardo da vinci

renaissance artist and scientist (1452-1519) who believed that black and white are colors. Assigned black, white, yellow, green, blue and red as primary or simple colors. author of treatise on painting published in 1651.

Simultaneous Contrast

complementary colors intensify each other when placed side by side; certain responses took place when colors are placed next to each other; theory concluded by leonardo da vinci

atmospheric perspective

method of creating the illusion of depth, or recession, in a painting or drawing by modulating colour to simulate changes effected by the atmosphere on the colours of things seen at a distance.

sir isaac newton

english physicist who was interested purely in the physics of color rather in the perception. He discovered that as a ray of white light passes and is bent, or refracted, through a prism it is broken into an array of colors, or spectral hues- roygbiv. his theory was based on the mixing of light. "light alone generates color". (1642-1727)

Moses Harris

english entomologist and engraver, wrote the natural system of colors in 1766 where he presented red, yellow and blue as the primary hues w/c he termed "primitives" and the mixture of these produced the "compound" hues of orange, green and violet. (1730-1788)

Harris wheel

divided into 18 equal hue divisions and each division was then graded by value dark to light; similar to pigment wheel but with more tertiary colors

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

German poet who published "theory of colors". One of the first modern thinkers to investigate and record the function of the eye and its interpretation of color, rather than properties of light. He explored every aspect of color and its reactions, including the role of complementary colors in creating shadows, simultaneous contrast, successive contrast and proportional color use. His focus was more on pigments. (1749-1832)

six-hue spectrum

Goethe's _______ remains the convention for artists; Newton's seven-hue model of the full range of visible hues remains the scientist's spectrum

Philip Otto Runge

german painter who wrote the color sphere. he arranged 12 hues in a spherical format. His primaries were still red, yellow and blue, and the nine remaining hues were interspersed to form a diameter of equator around the center of the sphere

michel eugene chevreul

french chemist hired by the famous french tapestry-weaving studio Gobelins to be its dye master. also known for his work The Principle of Harmony and Contrast of Colors. he verified that all hues could be obtained from mixtures of the primaries red, yellow, and blue. He also developed a more 3-dimensional color hemisphere than runge's

afterimaging

an optical reaction discovered by chevreul that occurs after we stare intensely at a hue and then shift our eyes to a white surface resulting to a second hue

Ogden rood

american who proposed that colors differed from one another as a result of three variables--purity, luminosity, and hue. (hue, saturation and tone). His experiments were concerned with the optical mixing that occurs in pointillism.

Albert Munsell

(1858-1918) the life's work or american-born color theorist led to his system being adopted by the US Bureau of Standards as the acceptable language of color.