Cartilage and joints

What are the two types of skeletons?

Axial skeleton

Appendicular skeleton

What are the functions of cartilage?

Foetal precursor to bone development

Cushioning at joints between bones

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline cartilage

Fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Free-moving joints as articular cartilage

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Intervertebral discs of the spine and knee

Where is elastic cartilage found?

Makes up the external ear and the auditory tube

What are the two categories of joints?

Functional

Structural

What are the three types of functional joints?

Immovable

Slightly moveable

Freely moveable

What are the three types of structural joints?

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

What are fibrous joints?

Dense tissue forming immobile joints between bones

What are the three types of fibrous joints and where are they found?

Suture (cranium)

Syndesmosis (closely related bones)

Gomphosis (between teeth and jaw)

What are cartilaginous joints?

Hyaline or fibrocartilage that form flexible joints

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints and what are they made from?

Synchondrosis (hyaline cartilage)

Symphysis (fibrocartilage)

What are synovial joints?

Freely mobile joints covered by cartilage

What are the six types of synovial joints?

Plane joint

Hinge joint

Pivot point

Condyloid/ellipsoid joint

Saddle joint

Ball and socket joint

What is an example of a plane joint and what movements are possible?

Between tarsal bones

Enables bones to slide over each other

What is an example of a hinge joint and what movements are possible?

Elbow, knee and interphalangeal joints

Allows for movement in one plane

What is an example of a pivot joint and what movements are possible?

Between C1 and C2 vertebrae

Allows rotation on a single axis

What is an example of a condyloid joint and what movements are possible?

Radiocarpal

Allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

What is an example of a saddle joint and what movements are possible?

Carpometacarpal joint

Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction but not axial rotation

What is an example of a ball and socket joint and what movements are possible?

Shoulder joint and hip joint

Allows indefinite amount of movements

What is the function of skeletal muscles?

Provides structural support and maintains posture

What are the three types of connective tissue in skeletal muscles and where are they found?

Endomysium (around individual fibres)

Perimysium (around bundles of fibres)

Epimysium (around muscle)

What is the origin of a muscle?

Where the muscle is attached on a more stable bone

What is the insertion of a muscle?

Where the muscle is attached to a more moveable bone

What is a tendon?

Connects muscle to bone

Moves bones

What is a ligament?

Joins bones together

Stabilises structures

What are the two types of bones?

Compact bone

Spongy bone

What is the periosteum of the bones?

Covers the outer surface

What is the endosteum of the bones?

Covers the inner surface of the bones

What are the five classifications of bones?

Long bone

Short bone

Flat bone

Irregular bone

Sesamoid bone

What are the two types of ossification?

Intramembranous ossification

Endochondral ossification

What is intramembranous ossification?

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts

What is endochondral osiffication?

Formation of cartilage tissue which is replaced by bone

What are the four types of cells involved in bone production?

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

Osteogenic

Osteoclast

What is the function of osteocyte cells?

Mature bone cells that maintain normal bone cell activity

What is the function of osteoblast cells?

Forms bone matrix

What is the function of osteogenic cells?

Stem cells found in bone marrow

What is the function of osteoclast cells?

Resorbs (destroys) the bone