Political and Industrial Revolution TEST

The Enlightenment

influenced the French Revolution; consisted of ideas like freedom of religion, political involvement, basic humanitary rights, freedom of speech

John Locke

Came up with 2 ideas after seeing kings abuse their power:

Natural rights: idea that all humans are born with rights to life, liberty, and property- which should be protected by the state

Consent of the Governed: idea that if the state ever take or fails to defend natural rights, people should reform the state

The Seven Years War

France lost to Great Britain that took place becasue of land disputes consisting of Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania

The American Revolution

American colonists rose up against the British crown because Britain violated their natural rights, challenging the authority of the British Monarchy

The French Revolution

started in 1789 starting as a promising Enlightenment uprising; consisted of middle + lower class against their imperial overlords, French people followed in U.S foosteps

Estates General

Made up of three estates. First estate was the clergy, second was king and nobles third was the common people. Second and first outvoted the third every time even though the third was 98% of the population

Bourgeoisie

part of the third estate and were wealthy people who did not hold titles

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789)

was a statement of democratic principles based on philosophical and political ideas of Enlightenment. life,liberty, fraternity very similar to USA

Great Fear

People were unemployed, bread prices high, many people starved, Rumor spread that the king's troops were coming to sack Paris, so angry seized arms to defend the city, hundreds stormed the Bastille to find gunpowder

Maximilien Robespierre

Led National Convention, called for "drastic measures" to save France from other "enemies of the state", he killed 40,000 people in just 2 years, and was executed by the guillotine

National Assembly (1789-1791)

three estates unite --> National Assembly, claim they are "true: representative body of FR," they had no real power as the king could veto any new law

National Convention (1792-1795)

led by Maximilien Robespierre --> Caused reign of terror

War of the First Coalition (1792)

the start of Napoleon's military feats( defeated Austria + Italy)

Reign of Terror (1793-1794)

40,000 people died from speaking out against government

The Directory (1795-1799)

a five man board that consisted of corrupt and weak men, lead to Napoleon's ruling

Napoleon Bonaparte

Napoleon seized power from Directory; ruled France as emperor and dictator, he was charismatic, organized, brilliant as a leader, and was a MAN OF THE PEOPLE--> self made from lower class background, took care of soldiers so they were very loyal to Napoleon

Napoleonic Code

took away woman's rights + made peace with Church + allowed catholic worship + had a "Ministry of Police"(to maintain power) + gave everyone equal opportunity(talent over title)

Arc de Triomphe

created by Napoleon to honor those soldiers who fought and died for him in his wars

War of the Second Coalition (1798)

ended with Austria at the Treaty of Luneville + British continued the war, forced surrender of the French in Egypt

Horatio Nelson

Admiral in the BRITISH navy and annihilated the French at Trafalgar and in Egypt, he died in a naval battle in the BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR

Treaty of Amiens (1802)

temporarily ended the French Revolution(14 months) before the Napoleonic wars resumed

War of the Third Coalition (1805)

napoleon stunned the European powers of Russia, Austria and defeated the Austrians at austerlitz but his fleet was destroyed before he could invade England but he still won the war

Battle of Trafalgar (1805)

the destruction of the french and Spanish fleets where they were defeated by the English Fleet led by Admiral Nelson

Continental System

British ships banned from European ports, no trade between Europe and Britain --> Great Britain repsonse is the "Orders in Council"

"Orders in Council"

British government in response issued blockades with France + allies to stop trade with U.S, contributing the war of 1812

Nationalism

tendency of people to identify based on race, culture, and language rather than by religous monarchs or historical principalities

War of the Fourth Coalition (1806)

France defeated Prussia, Russia, Saxony, Sweden, and Britain; solidified Napolean's dominance over other European countries

Confederation of the Rhine

Created by Napoleon after he defeated Austria and Prussia: replaced the Holy Roman Empire + led to German nationalism indirectly which led to the unification later on of Germany

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

created by Napoleon, cutting off 1/2 of Russia to form historical Poland

"Napoleon's Costly Mistake"

In an attempt to invade Russia he led 600,000 troops toward Moscow, when he was half way there he rechlessly pushed on through the Russian winter. the RUSSIANS SCORCHED EARTH policy burnt everything as they retreated leaving nothing for the French, many of Napoleon's men froze or starved to dealth, only 100,000 survived

The Hundred Days (1815)

March 20, 1815 = Napoleon marched triumphantly into Paris

June 18, 1815 = Battle of Waterloo(Belgium) --> Napoleon defeat and exiled to St. Helena in the South Atlantic where he died in 1821

Louis Philippe

was a corrupt king who had a minister who opposed electoral reform, had troops open fire on protesters, lost control of Paris and was abdicated (renounced throne)

February Days

King philippe lost control of Paris after the National guard defected to the radicals and chaos insured, shooting protestors

June Days

upper/middle class interests controlled, protests of poor were met with violence(1,000 deaths), created tension between classes, barricades in streets and redistribution of wealth was wanted by the poor

Louis Napoleon

National Assembly issued a new constitution for Second Republic consisting of a president were overwhelmingly Louis Napoleon was voted for = Napoleon's nephew, he purged government, replaced radicak officals with monarchists, disbanded National assembly, held rigged elections, presented himself as a "man of people" but wasn't

Haitian Revolution

Started as a slave revolt, led by Toussaint L'ouverture in the fight for independence from France. They used guerilla tactics, their resistance to local disease and aid from US and Great Britain, it was the first and only effective slave rebellion

Toussaint Louverture

Led the uprising against colonial rule in Saint-Domingue but was captured and died in French captivity but later led to the Haitian independence

Latin American Revolutions

Drivng force of revoltuons was nationalism led by Simon de Bolivar and Jose de San Martin revolting agianst Spain

Simon de Bolivar

Latin America, Venezuelan spent exclusive time studying enlightenment ideals in Europe, wrote about ideals in the "The Jamaica Letter," utilzijng nationalism and ideals to organize a revolution against Spain where they successsfuly do and create "Gran Colombia"

Jose de San Martin

The creole leader who liberated Argenitna from Spain- coordinated with Simon de Bolivar to liberate the remaining Sotuh American Colonies

Padre Miguel Hidalgo

preiest who launches Mexican revolt, 80,000 Native American and Mestizo followers march on Mexico City, gets caputed and executed

Prince Dom Pedro

Prtugues prince; stays behind in Brazil where he accepts the countries request for him to rule Brazil; officially delcares Brazil's indpeendece(blookless/ easy revolution)