Chapter 18 Stress and Health in Organizations

Stress

A generally unpleasant perception and appraisal of stressors.

Stressor

Conditions or events that an individual perceives as challenging or threatening

Strain

The psychological, physiological, and behavioral consequences of stress

Challenge Stressor

Stressors associated with workload, pressure to complete tasks, and time urgency

Hindrance Stressor

Stressors that keep you from reaching your goals

Environmental Stressors

Economic Uncertainty and Political Uncertainty

Organizational Stressor

Task Demand, Role Demand, Interpersonal Demand

Personal Stressor

Family Problems and Economic Problem

Physiological Strain

Immediate Effect, Illness, Chronic Health Condition

Psychological Strain

Anxiety, Lower Emotional Well-Being, Lower Job Satisfaction

Behavioral Strain

Lower job performance, Higher absenteeism, Higher turnover

Eustress

A healthy, positive, and constructive appraisal of stressor

Stress effect on Sleep

Sleep quality has a moderately negative impact on job attitudes and psychological health and mood at work.

Sleep deprivation has a substantial impact on memory, cognitive task performance, and more general job outcomes for both managers and employees, like task performance, attendance, safety behavior, and counterproductive work behaviors

Unfinished work tasks, Social stressors, Poor leadership, Perceived Discrimination, Role conflict

Presenteeism

The act of working while ill or injured

Stress effect on Illness and Injury

Illness and injury due to its connection with absenteeism and productivity loss

Working close to others while sick increases the risk that other team members will also become ill. People are not as effective at doing their jobs when ill or injured and this can slow work processes.

Personal and Work Risk Factors

Our experiences at work influence what we do to promote our health and well-being. People likely behave in unhealthy ways to cope with stressors at work. The regular experience of hindrance stressors at work resulted in moderate increases in high-risk eating and cigarette smoking, leading to increases in worrisome, objective health indicators such as body mass index (BMI), cholesterol levels, and insulin resistance.

Job Insecurity

The perception that one's job is at risk or that one's employment is not stable

Workaholism

A maladaptive mental state characterized by feelings compelled to work due to internal pressures, thinking about work even when not working, and going above and beyond what is reasonably expected

Burnout

A work-related mental health syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment.

Resources

Factors within an individual's control that can be expended toward fulfilling desires, attaining goal, or meeting task demand.

Effort-Reward Imbalance Model

The effort-reward imbalance (ERI) suggests that employees will experience strain when putting in a great deal of effort for little reward.

Demands

Responsibilities, pressures, obligations, and even uncertainties that individuals face in the workplace.

Job Demand-Control-Support Model

The job demand-control-support (JDCS) model suggests strain is a function of three factors: demands, control, and support.

Allostasis

Working to change behavior and attitudes to find stability

Control

Control refers to the degree to which employees have discretion over how to do their jobs.

Support

Support is essentially perceptions of assistance provided by the organization, supervisor, and coworkers.

Working-Life Boundaries

Work-life boundaries refer to the lines that demarcate our lives. Boundaries are complicated because people have preferences for how integrated they want their work and home lives to be and how willing they are to "move" across domains.

Work-Life Spillover

When psychological responses to one domain are carried over into another domain and impact it in some way.

Resilience

Resistance to the adverse effect of stress and strain

Wellness Program

Organizationally supported programs that focus on the employees' total physical and mental condition