Bio 168 Chapter 3 Part 2

Cytoplasm

Material between plasma membrane and nucleus

Cytosol

Water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and solutes

Cytoplasmic organelles

Metabolic machinery of the cell

Inclusions

Chemical substances stored in the cell

Mitochondria

Double-membrane organelles that produce ATP

Ribosomes

Granules containing protein and rRNA for protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Interconnected tubes and membranes for protein synthesis and lipid metabolism

Rough ER

ER with ribosomes that synthesize secreted proteins and membrane proteins

Smooth ER

ER involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, hormone synthesis, and detoxification

Golgi Apparatus

Stacked sacs that modify, concentrate, and package proteins

Peroxisomes

Organelles with enzymes that detoxify harmful compounds and neutralize free radicals

Lysosomes

Spherical bags containing digestive enzymes for intracellular digestion

Cytoskeleton

Dynamic series of rods for cell shape and movement

Centrioles

Barrel-shaped organelles that generate microtubules for cell division

Cilia

Short hair-like extensions that move substances across the cell membrane

Flagella

Longer structures that propel the cell itself

Microvilli

Finger-like extensions that increase surface area for absorption

Nucleus

Control center of the cell containing genetic information

Nuclear Envelope

Double-membrane barrier enclosing the nucleus

Nucleoli

Spherical bodies in the nucleus for ribosome subunit production

Chromatin

Thread-like strands of DNA, RNA, and histone protein

Cell Cycle

Series of changes a cell goes through from formation to reproduction

Interphase

Non-dividing phase of the cell cycle

DNA Replication

Process of duplicating DNA before cell division

Mitosis

Nuclear division stage of cell division

Cytokinesis

Division of the cytoplasm

Protein Synthesis

Process of building proteins from DNA

Transcription

Copying DNA code into mRNA

Translation

Ribosomes translating mRNA into an amino acid sequence

Which organelle is primarily responsible for detoxifying harmful substances and breaking down fatty acids in the cell?

peroxisome