Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory Chapter 17- PS Herman

Bandura believed behavior occurs as a result of?

A complex interplay between inner processes and environmental influences.

Bandura places a special emphasis on the role of?

The cognitive determinants of behavior result from the actual cause of behavior.

Social learning theory has also been referred to as the-

The bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories due to Bandura's explanation of various stages of social learning

Tragic reciprocal determinism

The theory that states cognition, behavior, and environmental influences all operate interactively as determinants of one another.

Over time, people use both verbal representation and imaginal representation to guide what?

People's behavior and their ability to solve problems symbolically.

Eventually, people can see probable consequences of their behavior and-

Modify our actions accordingly using both insightful and foresightful behavior.

Bandura believed behavior is regulated by-

Anticipated outcomes

Anticipated Outcomes

Expectation that certain behaviors will have desired effects, others will have unwanted outcomes, and others will be insignificant.

Bandura disagreed with Skinner that:

-Reinforcement/ punish automatically strengthens/weakens behavior

-Behavior results from our direct experiences of rewards and punishments

-Reinforcement/ punish do not fully account for the way behavior is acquired, maintained or altered

Bandura believed that reinforcement could not account for?

All types of learning

Banduras theory added what type of element?

A social element, he argued that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people.

observational learning/Imitative learning

Learning in which new responses are made as a result of watching the performance of others

Bandura refers to the process of observational learning as-

Modeling

Modeling

People learn new behavior while observing others.

Modeling is a form of learning where-

Actual behavior does not need to occur.

Modeling is considered necessary to avoid-

Trial and error

What factors play a role in modeling?

-Personality characteristics

-Prior experiences

-Characteristics of the model

-Rewards and punishments associated with the model

Vicarious reinforcement

Willingness to imitate the behavior of a model after observing that the model was reinforced for the behavior.

Social learning theory consists of four steps:

-Motivation

-Attention

-Retention

-Reproduction

Ultimately people learn from-

One another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.

As a result of the social learning theory

People learn a variety of behaviors but actively decide whether or not to perform them on the basis of their estimate of consequences.

Bandura believed punishment does not prevent the acquisition of-

Immoral or illegal behaviors and can surface later under appropriate circumstances.

Is the media harmful according to Bandura?

Yes

What are the two major recommendations regarding modifying and controlling media representations of aggressive and violent behavior?

1.) Create more constructive shows and video games.

2.) More parental control and involvement.

How does a parent exhibit control and involvement?

-Limit their child's exposure to media violence.

-Monitor the content of programs in advance.

-Model nonaggressive behavior.

-Reward nonviolent behavior.

Bobo doll experiment

Groundbreaking study on aggression that demonstrated that children are able to learn

through the observation of adult behavior.

The Bobo Doll experiment was executed via-

A team of researchers who physically and verbally abused an inflatable doll in front of preschool age children.

What did the Bobo doll experiment lead to?

Children mimicked the behavior of the adults by attacking the doll in the same fashion.

The theory of self-efficacy

Emphasizes the role of observational learning and social experience in the development of personality. The theory of self-efficacy lies at the center of Bandura's social cognitive theory.

Bandura has defined self-efficacy as-

One's belief in one's ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

One's sense of self-efficacy can play a-

Major role in how one approaches goals, tasks, and challenges.

Bandura's self efficacy theory is a widely accepted method in psychology which helps us-

Develop confidence in ourselves.

When was Banduras self-efficacy theory developed?

In the late 90s, this theory attempts to explain why people deal with challenges differently.

Efficacy expectations

Beliefs or convictions on the part of individuals that they can produce certain behaviors. -Not actual skills.

According to Bandura, competent functioning requires both?

Skills and judgments of self-efficacy.

Efficacy expectations are rooted in-

Our personal experiences.

Bandura's theory proposed four sources of self-efficacy

1.) Mastery experiences-Performance accomplishments-

2.) Vicarious experiences.

3.) Verbal persuasion.

4.) Emotional and physiological states.

Mastery experiences

-According to Bandura's theory of self-efficacy, mastery experiences are gained when we succeed in a new challenge.

-This is why the best way to learn a new skill is to keep practicing because when we do this, we teach ourselves that we can learn new skills and are capable of putting in the required work.

Vicarious Experiences

-Are simply things we learn from a teacher, mentor or role model.

-Positive role models with healthy levels of self-efficacy teach us to believe in ourselves.

-In self-efficacy theory, vicarious experiences may be from family members, teachers, coaches, or counselors.

Verbal persuasion

-Another kind of vicarious experience.

-Relates to what we are told as children.

-When an important role model tells us we are capable of anything and can face any challenge, we are more likely to retain this belief.

-Helps us at the moment by motivating us at the time and in the future.

-We remember the challenges we faced and that we can face the next one.

Emotional and Psysiological states

-In Bandura's theory, emotional and psychological states refer to the importance of health and well-being in developing self-efficacy.

-When our health is low, it is more difficult to feel confident in our abilities.

-It is also hard to maintain self-efficacy when battling with anxiety or depression.

Research on Self-efficacy effects two major life areas:

-Career choice and job performance

-Physical and mental health

The social-cognitive experiences play a crucial role in the?

Development and modifications of behavior throughout the process of personality development.

Assessment techniques are ultimately interested in demonstrating what?

Experimental manipulations of events influence

cognitive functioning which in turn influences

subsequent responses.

Both Bandura and Skinner relied on?

Experimental techniques for assessment.

Implications for Therapy: Modeling as a therapeutic technique

- Successful in autistic children

- Used to reduce fears in children

- Self-modeling: type of learning in which

individuals watch themselves behave in a

situationally appropriate manner via videotape

and then show the same behaviors later on.