The Transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic

Flashcards about the transition from the Ottoman Empire to the Turkish Republic, economy, and student movements.

What reform program did the Ottoman imperial government implement in the military, administrative, judiciary, and social spheres?

The Tanzimat (Re-organization)

What concepts emerged in the Ottoman discourse during the Tanzimat period (1839-1876)?

Public opinion, freedom of association, and freedom of the press

Which technical university, established in 1773 and reorganized in 1784, was renamed "The Imperial Naval Engineering School"?

Hendeshane

In what year was the Medical School (Mekteb-i Tibbiye-i Şahane) founded in the Ottoman Empire?

1827

Sultan Abdülhamid II added eighteen new higher and professional schools, including schools of Finance, Law, Fine Arts, Commerce, Civil Engineering, Veterinary Science and?

Police and Customs

What did Sultan Abdülhamid II's serious reform attempts coincide with during his reign?

Serious student oppositions

What political action did the Young Turks force Sultan Abdülhamid II do in 1908?

Restore the constitutional regime, which he withdrew in 1878

What type of activity increased in the Second Constitutional Period (1908-1918) of the Ottoman Empire?

Activity of organized groups

What key reform characterized the new Turkish Republic after 1923?

Secularization in almost every sphere

What war-related financial burden did the Turkish Republic inherit from the Ottoman Empire?

War expenses since the Crimean War (1853-1856) and foreign debts

In 1927, what percentage of Turkey's population lived in cities?

16.4%

What type of economic policy did the nascent Turkish Republic embrace, given its difficult conditions?

Pragmatism for doing the best in existing conditions

What did Is Bankasi (Business Bank), founded in 1924, act as through its holdings in various sectors?

An official lobby in favor of private entrepreneurs

To encourage local capitalists, what did the government grant private companies the right to run?

Certain state monopolies

Facing the Great Depression in 1929, what economic policy did the RPP government adopt?

State protectionism

What was emphasized in the mono-party system in Turkey between 1923-1946?

The idea of the abolition of the mono-party system and the need for opposition parties

What principles, derived from Ataturk, did the new Democrat Party adopt?

Nationalism, reformism, revolutionism, secularism, populism, statism

Who founded the Democrat Party?

Adnan Menderes, Fuat Köprülü, Celal Bayar and Refik Koraltan

What type of enterprise did the Democrats stress as a major element of their program?

Free enterprise

The Inonu government decided to reconcile the opponents of Mustafa Kemal with the regime because of?

The threatening world crisis due to World War II

What law, issued on 18 January 1940, gave the government emergency powers to control goods, prices, and forced labor?

The National Defence Law

In 1942, what tax law was issued that disproportionately affected non-Muslim minority Turkish citizens?

The Capital Tax Law

What international developments had a direct impact over Turkey, during the transition from mono-party to multi-party period?

The contest between the United States of America and the Soviet Union

What was the name of the non-aggression pact signed between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union?

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Which US president announced the "Truman Doctrine", designed to give military and financial support to Greece and Turkey?

President Truman

The launching of the “Truman Doctrine” created a tension between the United States and the Soviet Union called?

The Cold War period

In the post-war era, what structure the US built did Turkey become?

A solid part of the military and political structure to protect democracy and free enterprise

When did Turkey become a full member of NATO?

February 18, 1952

What was the first action of the Assembly after the election victory of the Democrat Party in May 1950?

To elect Celal Bayar as the president of the Republic

What was the third party in Turkey was banned in 1953 because of its political use of religion?

The Nation Party (Millet Party)

In economic policy the Democrat Party favored transition from state-controlled economy to?

Liberal free-market economy

What type of economic policy did the Democrat Party favor since 1946?

Transition from a state-controlled economy to a liberal free-market economy

What was imported due to credits to farmers?

Machinery

What machinery introduction was a turning point and increased the acreage under cultivation?

The introduction of the Tractor

What government issued a law in 1951 under American influence to encourage economic prosperity?

The Democrats (Democrat Party)

Students in _ had a crucial role in over-throwing the Menderes government and writing of the 1961 Constitution.

Universities

What international event in 1968 influenced students in Turkey?

Student Protests in Europe

can be defined as "association of students inspired by aims set forth in a specific ideological doctrine, usually, although not exclusively, political in nature".

Student Movements

The army became an autonomous organization after the .

1960 coup

One of the first big protests in 1965 was due to?

Petrol Prices

Who denounced the measures of the government as unconstitutional declared that journalists and writers were not bound to law to obey them?

Professor Hüseyin Nail Kubalı

The leader of the Turkish military who announced the 1960 military coup (takeover)

Alparslan Türkeş

What organization did the army establish in September 1960?

State Planning Organization

What did the students burn in 1969?

Car of Robert Komer

What did 1960s-1970s student movements effect politically and ideologically in Turkey?

Political and ideological atmosphere

What problems led to the military's takeover in 1960?

High inflation, authoritarian measures of the Democratic Party, and the military and intelligentsia's disapproval of the Democrat Party's stance on the secular regime

Who was the senior officer and former commander-in-chief of the land forces who became the leader of the 1960 coup?

Cemal Gürsel

What constitution did the holders of the 1960 military intervention propose to replace?

The constitution of 1924

Who pioneered the preparation of the new constitution after the 1960 coup?

Law professors from the University of Istanbul headed by its rector Prof. Sıddık Sami Onar

What action did Türkes take to establish control over aspects of cultural life

He established “Turkish Union of Ideals and Culture”

Who was elected as the chairman of the Justice Party in November 1964?

Süleyman Demirel

Following the May 1960 coup, the high-ranking military were sympathetic to the political parties which _.

Shared their political views regarding the regime

After the May 1960 coup, following the coup, holders of the military intervention proposed preparation of a new constitution to replace the ___ .

Constitution of 1924

In reference to Military Intervention in 1960, there was great joy in what city after the intervention?

İstanbul and Ankara

The high-ranking military became more concerned to find an immediate solution for what following the 27 May 1960 coup?

For the bankrupted economy