Unit 5 - Revolutions and Consequences of Industrialization

1750 to 1900

5.1 The Enlightment: What is the Enlightment

Enloghtment: Intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, rationalism and capatilistic approaches to natural world and human relationships, led to the Scientific Revolution in the 16ty abd 17th cent. in Europe. Tosses out religion for reason and instead rexamination of the role of religion in Europe, Christian shiftauthority from God to the Individual

5.1 The Enlightment: New belief Systems

Deism: The idea that God is not involved with people or the world

Athiesm: Belief in no God

5.1 The Enlightment: New Political Ideas

Individualism: Society is meant to be individual and not in collective groups

Natural Born Rights: Humans are born with rights that noot be infringed upon (John Locke w/ Life, Liberty and Property)

Social Contract: Human societal embraced natural rights that the government cannot take away and must protect, if not protected people have the right to overthrow (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)

5.1 The Enlightment: Philosophers

Voltaire was a French philosopher who wrote about Individual Freedom and attacked oppressive policies like the Roman Catholic Church

John Locke and his ideas on repunlicanism and liberal theory influenced the American Revolution

Montesuieu believed in seperation of powers and sorted French society into legislative, executive, and judicial which is taken into modern governments today

5.1 The Enlightment: Reforms

Expanded sufferage, after 15th cent. rights of citizens on any race can vote, enlightment caused this via theory that all were born equal with the exception of POC, women, and slaved

The abolition of slavery, slaves fought for their rights with Enlightment ideas being used by abolishionists who claimed enlightment ideology extends to ALL people, not just white men

5.1 The Enlightment: Demands for Women Sufferage and Femenism

Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindiction of The Rights of Women argued about the equality of women towards men

Olympe de Gouge’s Declaration of the Rights of Women and of the Female Citizen attacked the french Decleration of Rights of Men and Citizen and was influenced by American Enlightment thought, calling for hypocrisy of all women being equal while opressing women

5.2 Nationalism and Revolution: Causes of Revolution

Nationalism is a new development of shared religion/culture that’s based on territory and a desire for territory - unity

Led to Political Discontent with widespread disconnect with movements of imperial rule and rejection of authority globally

Nationalism developed new ways of thinking like Popular Soverignty Liberalism

5.2 Nationalism and Revolution: Causes of Revolution - Examples!

Russian leaders wanted to share the Russian language within Russian territory, leading to cultural tensions in Ukraine.

Wahabi movement to fix the corrup Islam within the Ottoman empire lead to the beginning of the empire’s decline

5.2 Nationalism and Revolution: Atlantic Revolutions

American Revolution began 1776 as a reaction towards the British implementation of taxes on 13 colonies after being in debt from the 7 Years’ War with France. Enlightment ideas led to revolution in the Decleration of Independance 1783, this was the template of republic gov.

Hatian Revolution, the majority black slaves heard of the French Revolution, under leader Toussaint L’Ouverte they led an enslaved revolt and established 2nd republic in West Hem.

French Revolution began 1789, Louis XVI stricten authority, rebels established decleration Rights of Men and Citizen with natural rights

5.2 Nationalism and Revolution: Latin American Revolutions

Spanish and Portugese colonies influenced by Enlightment ideas, creoled in lower power positions resent imperial powers/Penninsulares. 1808 Napolean invaded Spain leading to instable political colonies and revolution. Simone Bolivar’s “Letter from Jamaica” formed republic gov.

5.2 Nationalism and Revolution: Unification

German nationalism was supressed by political leaders, during the Congress of Vienna the creation of the German Confederation was created to stifen rebels

Nationalism in N Italu lead to the revolt to expel Austrian rule under Italy during 1859. Led to the unification and attraction for Gusippe Gabaldio’s army leading to the unification of N and S Italy

Maori nationalism in New Zealend stemmed from the treaty of Waitorgi with British care to New Zealand under colonial contro, Maori defended and cooperated with the Maori King resulting in unity and soverighty for Maori people

5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins: What is it?

Industrial Revolution is the processes in which states transform from agricultural to industrial economies (machine)

5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins: Why Great Britian?

Began around 1780 due to proximity to waterways which were efficient transportation of goods along with geographical proximity to coal and iron which was the power sources for industrialization. Additionally, Britain's political stability and colonial empire provided markets for goods. Decline agricultural activity

Agricultural Revolution in Europe w/ crop rotation, seed drill, colonial exchange

5.3 Industrial Revolution Begins: Factory System

Money gained from slave trade = excess capital and investmen from entrepreneurs -= industrial

Factory System increased productivity in Britian by centralizing productivityreplacing workers easily with unskilled labor, creating higher quality goods and being implemented into factories

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: Industrial Technology

Steam Engine burned fossil fuel to maintain energy, first factories were water powered then turned into coal and steam allowing for factories to be built anywhere

Steam Ships had mass produced goods coul be transported further and further making more distant markets and a growing global economy

Countries who did not hace acces to main 7 causes of Industrialization slowly industrialized. 18th-19th cent split industrial vs non industrial nations

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: Industrialization Wealthy Nations

Great Britian, France, and US grew most portion global output and wealth

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: Industrialization Developing Nations

Countries in Middle East and Asia previously powerhouses were in decline, decline in textile production in India and Egypt because of mass production in Britian

Shipbuilding increased but colonial rule meant control by Britian. Industrial countries sold increased and nonindustrial economies decreased leading to a power shift

Japan, Asian states in decline with Industrial states like China with unequal treaties, Japan resort Meiji Restoration with Wtechnology and education

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: How Industrial Spread/Russia

Russia: after defeat by European and Japanese forces, industrialization began with Russias reform and emancipation of serfs by Aexander II. As Industrialization grew so did working class leading to a peasent revolt and anti-government

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: How Industrial Spread/United States

British migrants brought industrial with migration, Westward Expansion increased factory production and developed urban areas

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: How Industrial Spread/Japan

Japan mideled industrialization after W countries to keep up with the W. Japan dominated other countries in colonialism. As Industrialization spread so did imperialism

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: How Industrial Spread/Germany

Germany mideled after british and race of imperialism led to plantations on African/S Asiancountries

5.5 Technology of the Industrial Age: First Industrial Revolution 1750 to 1850

Coal was burned faster than wood and fueled steam engines (James Watt 18th cent) Led to adoption of steam engine and factory system

Locomotives and railroads transfered produced goods fast

Steam engine ships and Suez Canal shorter distance Europeans and Asia allowing rapid expansion in trade

Oil was for internal combustion making machines and automobiles more efficient, leading to the rise of the automobile industry.

19th cent European population went from rural to urban, famine and political instability led to migration

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: Effects of New Technology

Steel building materials due to bessemer process, making stronger than iron

Chemical engineers create synthetic dyes for textiles/vulcanization for rubber important factory belts

Electricity by Thomas Edison allowed electric cars, subway and mass transportation in major cities

Telegraph by Samuel Morse 1830’s spread communication

5.4 The Spread of Industrialization: Developmnt of Interior Regions

Most developed cities located on coastal trade, expansion of railroads (Russia, US) meant settlement in distant lands

Trade and migration multiplied 1850 to 1913 states became more industrialzed result global economy

5.6 The Spread of Industrialization: Government Sponsered Industrialization

Promote State Sponsered Industrial Projects

Egypt (Ottomans) in Ottoman Empire were declining, struggle due to internal conflicts and lack of wealth and investment. Industrialized (Tanzimat Reforms) which included textile and weapon factories, government proceeded crops sold to world market, raised tarrifs but not sucessful. Egypt went to war with Ottomans with British help 1889, Egypt under British control

5.6 The Spread of Industrialization: Government Sponsered Industrialization - Again!

Tokugawa Shogunate isolated Japan, Western powers dominate Asian states, arrival Matthew Perry by US demand Japan open borders with US> Japan aggresively state sponsered industrialization against W dominance leading to Japanese Civil War 1868 and overtheow Shogunate into Meiji Restoration adopting emissaries to industrial powers to learn about W culture to implement into own state

5.7 The Economies of the Industrial Revolution: Economic Change

Economic Change, death of Mercantalism with European expoloration abandoned for free-Market Economies fitting Industrial influence (Wealth of Nations Adam Smith) liked Laissez Faire. After 1815 W government didn’t allow state regulations on trade to increase it. Free Market cities

5.7 The Economies of the Industrial Revolution: Free Market

Free markey meant more economic systems adopted by industrial nations who became more global and interconnected through trade, leading to increased competition and innovation.

TransNational Coprs were companies established and controlled by a country but also established as large operations in other countries

Ex. Hong Kong Shang Hai Corps open 1865 by British controlled, organized British cotton

5.7 The Economies of the Industrial Revolution: Adam Smith’s theories Laisses-Faire and Capitalism

For cities to be removed from the economy, create supply and demand dependant on each other while using free markets that would allow wealth move evenly amoung classes

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: Calls for Reform

Political reforms due to W allow voting right increased, more working class eligible to vote and rise more based political parties

Social Reforms by working class, people organize themselves into societies providing insurance, sickness and social events

Education reform 1870 to 1914 compulsory educated language, high paying jobs had more education

Urban reforms, government passes laws for sanitation

Labor Unions were collected workers joining together to protect own interest, prior power changes in capitalism ended factory owners improve workers lives

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: Karl Marx

German believed capitalism is unstable and creates class division leading to a violent revolt which would create a classless society. Marx and Engels create Communist Manifesto 1848 increase societies awareness of class struggles and advocate for the working class to unite against the bourgeoisie.

Utopian Socialism was to prevent the consequences of capitalism, socialists created equilable communities to co-op control of capitalism an dinfluenced the expansion of some in the US

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: State Level Responses to Industrialization/Qing China

Qing China

Late 18th cent. Britian imported Opium from inia, consequences on Chinese pop. Opium Wars where Britian forced China sign unequal treaties opening trade ports and took advantage of spheres of influence

1860’s-70s react with Self Stregnthening Movement to industrialize, steps toward Chinese culture modernization but didn’t benefit Chinese conservatives who resisted reform

Sino_japanese War made movement Failre

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: State Level Responses to Industrialization/Ottoman Empire

Middle 19th cent, known as “Sick Man of Europe” because of territorial losses similar to China. Tanzimat Reforms oncluded textile factories, W style law codes and education styles. Young Ottomans desired European parliment denied bc absolute power from Sultan.

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: Expanded Women’s and Men Sufferage

As more men began to work in factories, the campaign of labor unions and sufferage movements led to the expanded sufferage for non land owning men

Women’s sufferage movements organized for more equal rights to men caused by the emergence of a working middle class. Forced women to maintaintraditional and conservative lifestyle popular during US industrialization

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: Working Class

Industrial working class was odten dangerous and crowded, with spread of diseaseand lowered quality of life

5.8 Reactions to the Industrial Revolution: Labor Union Improvements

Labor Unions improved working conditions and gained higher wages by establishing legal policies to protect workers through protest and strikes

5.9 Society and the Industrial Age: Changes

New Social Classes

Industrial working class went from rural to urban areas looking for job oppertunities to perform work often in dangerious conditions. Women often worked along husbans

Middle Class included white collar men living to a higher standard of living and enjoying leisure activities, contrasting with the working class's struggles. Middle class women did not work and filled domestic roles for children and husbanxs

Industrialisrs gained most because they were most powerful, even against aristocracy land owners

5.9 Society and the Industrial Age: Effects

Pollution from coal led to toxic fog, Human waste contaminated drinking water, Housing shortages led poor situation and spread of diseases and Increased crime of theft

5.9 Society and the Industrial Age: Cult of Domesticity

Women were placed into conservative traditional roles, especially stay at home to take care of children and house tasks

5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

Development industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some and availability of consumer goods

Railroads, steamships and telegraph made exploration and development along with communication in interior regions globally = trade and migration

18th cent marked intense period revolution and rebellion with existing governments leading to established new nation states

Enlightment philosphies applied nww ways of understanding life and reexamined religion, indivudal, natural rights and social contract

5.10 Continuity and Change in the Industrial Age

Rise and diffusion of Enlightment thought questioned established traditions in all areas of life

Nationalism became major force shaping historical developments in states