WJEC Criminology Year 2 Unit 4: Crime and Punishment - Knowledge Organiser (copy)

Green Paper

A document that allows public consultation on potential new laws.

White Paper

A formal proposal presenting suggestions for a new law after consultation, leading to a draft act (bill).

First Reading

The stage in the parliamentary process where the bill name and aims are read out and a vote occurs.

Second Reading

The stage involving a main debate on the bill, followed by another vote.

Committee Stage

A part of the law-making process where representatives address issues and suggest changes to the bill.

Royal Assent

The monarch's signing of a bill, making it an official Act of Parliament.

Judicial Precedent

The principle that decisions made by higher courts are binding on lower courts.

Supreme Court

The highest court in England and Wales, binding lower courts and can overrule its own decisions.

Mischief Rule

A principle of statutory interpretation that examines the problem the law aimed to solve.

Retribution

The aim of punishment that focuses on penalizing offenders to achieve justice for victims.

Rehabilitation

The process of reforming offenders for reintegration into society by changing behavior.

Deterrence

The aim of punishment that seeks to discourage re-offending and prevent future crimes.

Public Protection

The aim of punishment that focuses on keeping society safe from dangerous criminals.

Imprisonment

A form of punishment involving confinement in prison, which can be indeterminate or determinate.

Absolute Discharge

A type of discharge where no penalty is applied as punishment is deemed inappropriate.

Civil Liberties

Basic rights and freedoms guaranteed to individuals by law, like freedom of speech.

Recidivism

The tendency of previously convicted offenders to reoffend.

Indeterminate Sentences

Prison sentences where release is based on risk management rather than a fixed term.

Crown Prosecution Service (CPS)

The agency responsible for prosecuting criminal cases investigated by the police.

Right Realism

A perspective in criminal justice that highlights the importance of deterrence and authority.

Due Process Model

A model of criminal justice that prioritizes fairness and the protection of defendants' rights.

Environmental Design

Using design strategies to prevent crime and enhance community safety.

Token Economies

A behavioral management approach using rewards for desirable behavior, such as in rehabilitation.

NACRO

A charity aimed at changing lives, strengthening communities, and preventing crime through support.

Skinners Operant Learning Theory

A behavior theory emphasizing the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior.