Characteristics of populations (14.1,14.2)

Fecundity

________ is the potential for a species to produce offspring in one lifetime.

Biologists

________ have three main dispersion patters; clumped, uniform, and random.

Humans

________ can obtain more energy from consuming more autotrophs (grains vegetables, and fruits)

Pollution

________ can contaminate water.

Ecological niche

________- an organisms biological characteristics (food, shelter, mate)

Interspecific interactions

________ help maintain necessary equilibrium that sustain communities.

Stationary phase

________- population reaching carrying capacity, thus growth rates decrease.

Disruption

________ can occur when natural disaster or invasive species.

Environmental resistance

________- factors that limit populations ability to realize biotic potential.

Disease

________ is more easily spread in overcrowded populations, pathogens are able to move from host to host easily, since more host available in close proximity.

Allele effect

________- population can not survive /reproduce when the population density is too low.

Dynamic equilibrium

________- birthrate= death rate.

Biotic potential

________- max rate a population can increase in ideal conditions.

Quadrat

________- sampling frame used fir estimating population size.

Predation

________- predator killing prey (2 diff species usually)

GMO

________- crops are being genetically modified to withstand extreme temperatures, to be resistant to pests and herbicides, to have better flavour, and nutritional content.

Rain forests

________ exhibit random dispersion.

Density

________- total number of individuals of a specific species divided by the area /volume occupied by the population D= N /S.

Insecticide applications

________- → killing entire food chain begining with intended insect.

Exploitative competition

________ is shared consumption or use if a resource.

Climate change

________ has caused glaciers to melt rapidly, thus depleting the time we can use them for fresh water.

Density

total number of individuals of a specific species divided by the area/volume occupied by the population D= N/S

Crude density

number of individuals of the same species/ per total unit area

ecological density

number of individuals/ per used area by individuals

Dispersion

the general pattern in of individuals that are distributed through a specified area

Clumped dispersion

Most populations display clumped dispersion, organisms are densely grouped in areas of the habitat best for survival/ have favourable conditions

Uniform dispersion

Individuals are evenly distributed in the habitat

Random dispersion

the pattern when individuals are spread throughout a habitat in a unpredictable manner

carrying Capacity

the maximum number of organisms that can be sustained by available resources over a specific period of time

Population size

number of individual of a specific species in a given area/ volume at a specific time

quadrat

sampling frame used fir estimating population size

Mark -recapture method

sampling technique for mobile wildlife population (fish)

Type 1 survivorship

(humans) late loss

Type 2 survivorship

(birds) constant loss, independent of age

Type 3 survivorship

(small fishes) Early loss

geometric growth

a pattern of population growth where organisms reproduce at fixed intervals at a constant rate

exponential growth

a pattern of growth where organisms reproduce continuously at a constant rate

lag phase

initial stage, population growth is slow, since small population

log phase

stage where population growth is rapid

environmental resistance

factors that limit populations ability to realize biotic potential

biotic potential

max rate a population can increase in ideal conditions

stationary phase

population reaching carrying capacity, thus growth rates decrease

Dynamic equilibrium

birthrate = death rate

Infraspecific competition

same species compete for resources in habitat

predation

predator killing prey ( 2 diff species usually)

allele effect

population cannot survive/ reproduce when the population density is too low

limiting factor

any essential resource in short supply

community

all populations in given ecosystem

ecological niche

an organisms biological characteristics ( food, shelter, mate)

Energy pyramid

a model that illustrates energy flow from producers at the beginning of food chains to consumers farther along

GMO

crops are being genetically modified to withstand extreme temperatures, to be resistant to pests and herbicides, to have better flavour, and nutritional content

Acid deposition

a mixture of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide pollutants that reach earth in the form of rain, gas, or solid ( acid precipitation)

Greenhouse effect

a result of certain atmospheric gases, such as CO2, water vapour, and methane, trapping heat in the atmosphere by letting visible sunlight penetrate to Earths surface, while absorbing most wavelengths of infrared radiation that radiate from Earths surface