Studied by 18 people
blood
a specialised type of connective tissue
list the components of blood
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasmar
red blood cells
contain hemoglobin and transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and hormones to cells and organs
white blood cells
combat infection and inflammation, ingest foreign microbes
platelets
tiny pieces of cell with no nucleus, involved in clotting to help repair blood vessels by using a meshwork of fibers
what is the anatomy of the heart
bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, vena cava, pulmonary veins, aorta, pulmonary artery, coronary arteries
heart
involuntary muscles with striated muscle fibers
atria
left and right receiving blood from the body, have thin walls because they only have to pump to the ventricles
ventricles
thick as they propel blood from the heart to body
valves
prevent backflow by shutting when the heart relaxes
the heart has its own
pacemaker
heart rate is influenced by
the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and adrenaline
adrenaline has
wider metabolic actions
the electrical impulse is generated at the sinoatrial node and
travels across the atria to the atrioventricular node to the ventricles
pulmonary circulation
carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart
systemic circulation
carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart
heart rate
number of time the heart beats per minute
stroke volume
the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat
cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute
basal heart rate
when HR is reduced to a minimum
cardiac output equation
stroke volume x heart rate
venous return
the amount of blood returned to the right side of the heart, the less blood returned heart rate is increased.
heart rate (m vs f)
lower in males than females
stroke volume (m vs f)
lower in females than males
cardiac output (m vs f)
higher in females
what is cardiovascular drift
the increase in heart rate with no change in workload, stroke volume decreases but cardiac output remains the same, cause by increased body temp, cool down by sweating, plasma volume decreases, decrease venous return and stroke volume
systolic blood pressure
the force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction
diastolic
the force exerted by blood on ardterial walls during relaxation
during rest
systolic and diastolic pressure is lower
during exercise
systolic pressure is higher, diastolic pressure does not raise as much as systolic
during static exercise
systolic and diastolic pressure increase as the exercise duration increase
during dynamic exercise
systolic pressure increases then is steady as the exercise duration increases and diastolic pressure stays the same throughout
starling’s law
the more the heart fills during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole
during exercise blood will
move towards the muscles
during rest blood will
move to organs
cardiovascular adaptions resulting from endurance exercise training
resting heart rate decreases, stroke volume/left ventricular volume increases, increased capillarization, arterio-venous oxygen difference increases
explain maximal oxygen consumption
those who have a higher fitness level have higher VO2 max values and can exercise more intensely than those who are not as well conditioned
VO2 Max
the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumer
maximal oxygen consumption will be higher when running on a treadmill
compared to arm ergometry
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