TOPIC 2: EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY- 2.2 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM/ IB SEHS

blood

blood

a specialised type of connective tissue

list the components of blood

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasmar

red blood cells

contain hemoglobin and transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and hormones to cells and organs

white blood cells

combat infection and inflammation, ingest foreign microbes

platelets

tiny pieces of cell with no nucleus, involved in clotting to help repair blood vessels by using a meshwork of fibers

what is the anatomy of the heart

bicuspid valve, tricuspid valve, aortic valve, pulmonary valve, vena cava, pulmonary veins, aorta, pulmonary artery, coronary arteries

heart

involuntary muscles with striated muscle fibers

atria

left and right receiving blood from the body, have thin walls because they only have to pump to the ventricles

ventricles

thick as they propel blood from the heart to body

valves

prevent backflow by shutting when the heart relaxes

the heart has its own

pacemaker

heart rate is influenced by

the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system and adrenaline

adrenaline has

wider metabolic actions

the electrical impulse is generated at the sinoatrial node and

travels across the atria to the atrioventricular node to the ventricles

pulmonary circulation

carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to the heart

systemic circulation

carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

heart rate

number of time the heart beats per minute

stroke volume

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per beat

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped from the heart in one minute

basal heart rate

when HR is reduced to a minimum

cardiac output equation

stroke volume x heart rate

venous return

the amount of blood returned to the right side of the heart, the less blood returned heart rate is increased.

heart rate (m vs f)

lower in males than females

stroke volume (m vs f)

lower in females than males

cardiac output (m vs f)

higher in females

what is cardiovascular drift

the increase in heart rate with no change in workload, stroke volume decreases but cardiac output remains the same, cause by increased body temp, cool down by sweating, plasma volume decreases, decrease venous return and stroke volume

systolic blood pressure

the force exerted by blood on the arterial walls during contraction

diastolic

the force exerted by blood on ardterial walls during relaxation

during rest

systolic and diastolic pressure is lower

during exercise

systolic pressure is higher, diastolic pressure does not raise as much as systolic

during static exercise

systolic and diastolic pressure increase as the exercise duration increase

during dynamic exercise

systolic pressure increases then is steady as the exercise duration increases and diastolic pressure stays the same throughout

starling’s law

the more the heart fills during diastole, the greater the force of contraction during systole

during exercise blood will

move towards the muscles

during rest blood will

move to organs

cardiovascular adaptions resulting from endurance exercise training

resting heart rate decreases, stroke volume/left ventricular volume increases, increased capillarization, arterio-venous oxygen difference increases

explain maximal oxygen consumption

those who have a higher fitness level have higher VO2 max values and can exercise more intensely than those who are not as well conditioned

VO2 Max

the maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumer

maximal oxygen consumption will be higher when running on a treadmill

compared to arm ergometry